Edwards, A. J., Caldiera, K., Knowlton, N., Eakin, C. M.,
Iglesias-Prieto, R., Muthiga, N., Bradbury, R. H., Dui, A., and
Hatziolos, M. E., 2007. Coral reefs under rapid climate change
and ocean acidification. Science, 318, 1737–1742.
Hughes, T. P., 1994. Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef. Science, 265, 1547–1551.
Hughes, T. P., Szmant, A. M., Steneck, R. S., Carpenter, R. C., and
Miller, S. L., 1999. Algal blooms on coral reefs: what are the
causes. Limnology and Oceanography, 44, 1583–1586.
Hughes, T. P., Baird, A. H., Dinsdale, E. A., Harriott, V. J.,
Moltschaniwskyj, N. A., Pratchett, M. S., Tanner, J. E., and
Willis, B. L., 2002. Detecting regional variation using metaanalysis and large-scale sampling: latitudinal patterns in recruitment. Ecology, 83, 436–451.
Hughes, T. P., Baird, A. H., Bellwood, D. R., Card, M., Connolly,
S. R., Folke, C., Grosberg, R., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jackson,
J. B. C., Kleypas, J., Lough, J. M., Marshall, P., Nyström, M.,
Palumbi, S. R., Pandolfi, J. M., Rosen, B., and Roughgarden,
J., 2003. Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of
coral reefs. Science, 301, 929–933.
Idjadi, J. A., Lee, S. C., Bruno, J. F., Precht, W. F., Allen-Requa, L.,
and Edmunds, P. J., 2006. Rapid phase-shift reversal on
a Jamaican coral reef. Coral Reefs, 25, 209–211.
Jackson, J. B. C., Kirby, M. X., Berger, W. H., Bjorndal, K. A.,
Botsford, L. W., Bourque, B. J., Bradbury, R. H., Cooke, R.,
Erlandson, J., Estes, J. A., Hughes, T. P., Kidwell, S.,
Lange, C. B., Lenihan, H. S., Pandolfi, J. M., Peterson, C. H.,
Steneck, R. S., Tegner, M. J., and Warner, R. R., 2001. Historical
overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems.
Science, 293, 629–638.
Kleypas, J. A., Buddemeier, R. W., Archer, D., Gattuso, J.-P.,
Langdon, C., and Opdyke, B. N., 1999. Geochemical consequences of increased atmospheric co 2 on coral reefs. Science,
284, 118–120.
Littler, M. M., Littler, D. S., and Brooks, B. L., 2006. Harmful algae
on tropical coral reefs: bottom-up eutrophication and top-down
herbivory. Harmful Algae, 5, 565–585.
Mumby, P. J., Harborne, A. R., 2010. Marine reserves enhance the
recovery of corals on Caribbean reefs. PLoS ONE, 5, e8657,
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008657.
Murdoch, T. J. T., and Aronson, R. B., 1999. Scale-dependent spatial variability of coral assemblages along the Florida reef tract.
Coral Reefs, 18, 341–351.
Ostrander, G. K., Armstrong, K. M., Knobbe, E. T., Gerace, D., and
Scully, E. P., 2000. Rapid transition in the structure of a coral reef
community: the effects of coral bleaching and physical disturbance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
U.S.A., 97, 5297–5302.
Porter, J. W., and Meier, O. W., 1992. Quantification of loss and
change in Floridian reef coral populations. American Zoologist,
32, 625–640.
Quinn, J. F., and Dunham, A. E., 1983. On hypothesis testing in
ecology and evolution. American Naturalist, 122, 602–617.
Sammarco, P. W., 1985. The Great Barrier reef vs. the Caribbean:
comparisons of grazers, coral recruitment patterns, and reef
recovery. Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef
Contress, Tahiti, 4, 391–397.
Sandin, S. A., Smith, J. E., DeMartini, E. E., Dinsdale, E. A.,
Donner, S. D., Friedlander, A. M., Konotchick, T., Malay, M.,
Maragos, J. E., Obura, D., Pantos, O., Paulay, G., Richie, M.,
Rohwer, F., Schroeder, R. E., Walsh, S., Jackson, J. B. C.,
Knowlton, N., and Sala, E., 2008. Baselines and degradation of
coral reefs in the northern line islands. PLoS ONE, e1548;
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001548.
Schutte, V. G. W., Selig, E. R., and Bruno, J. F., 2010. Regional
spatio-temporal trends in Caribbean coral reef benthic communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 402, 115–122,
doi:10.3354/meps08438.
WBGU, 2006. The Future Oceans—Warming Up, Rising High,
Turning Sour. Berlin: Special Report, German Advisory Council
on Global Change, www.wbgu.de/wbgu_sn2006_en.pdf.
Wilkinson, C. R. (ed.), 2008. Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
2008. Townsville: Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, and
Reef and Rainforest Research Centre.
Williams, I. D., Polunin, N. V. C., and Hendrick, V. J., 2001. Limits
to grazing by herbivorous fishes and the impact of low coral
cover on macroalgal abundance on a coral reef in Belize. Marine
Ecology Progress Series, 222, 187–196.
Cross-references
Acanthaster planci
Algae-Macro
Bioerosion
Climate Change and Coral Reefs
Historical Ecology of Coral Reefs
Impacts of Sediment on Coral Reefs
Nutrient Pollution/Eutrophication
Ocean Acidification, Effects on Calcification
Reef Interconnectivity/Larval Dispersal
Sea Level Change and Its Effect on Reef Growth
Temperature Change: Bleaching
Volcanic Disturbances and Coral Reefs
Western Atlantic/Caribbean, Coral Reefs
612
INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC DRIVERS ON CORAL REEFS
Iglesias-Prieto, R., Muthiga, N., Bradbury, R. H., Dui, A., and
Hatziolos, M. E., 2007. Coral reefs under rapid climate change
and ocean acidification. Science, 318, 1737–1742.
Hughes, T. P., 1994. Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef. Science, 265, 1547–1551.
Hughes, T. P., Szmant, A. M., Steneck, R. S., Carpenter, R. C., and
Miller, S. L., 1999. Algal blooms on coral reefs: what are the
causes. Limnology and Oceanography, 44, 1583–1586.
Hughes, T. P., Baird, A. H., Dinsdale, E. A., Harriott, V. J.,
Moltschaniwskyj, N. A., Pratchett, M. S., Tanner, J. E., and
Willis, B. L., 2002. Detecting regional variation using metaanalysis and large-scale sampling: latitudinal patterns in recruitment. Ecology, 83, 436–451.
Hughes, T. P., Baird, A. H., Bellwood, D. R., Card, M., Connolly,
S. R., Folke, C., Grosberg, R., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jackson,
J. B. C., Kleypas, J., Lough, J. M., Marshall, P., Nyström, M.,
Palumbi, S. R., Pandolfi, J. M., Rosen, B., and Roughgarden,
J., 2003. Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of
coral reefs. Science, 301, 929–933.
Idjadi, J. A., Lee, S. C., Bruno, J. F., Precht, W. F., Allen-Requa, L.,
and Edmunds, P. J., 2006. Rapid phase-shift reversal on
a Jamaican coral reef. Coral Reefs, 25, 209–211.
Jackson, J. B. C., Kirby, M. X., Berger, W. H., Bjorndal, K. A.,
Botsford, L. W., Bourque, B. J., Bradbury, R. H., Cooke, R.,
Erlandson, J., Estes, J. A., Hughes, T. P., Kidwell, S.,
Lange, C. B., Lenihan, H. S., Pandolfi, J. M., Peterson, C. H.,
Steneck, R. S., Tegner, M. J., and Warner, R. R., 2001. Historical
overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems.
Science, 293, 629–638.
Kleypas, J. A., Buddemeier, R. W., Archer, D., Gattuso, J.-P.,
Langdon, C., and Opdyke, B. N., 1999. Geochemical consequences of increased atmospheric co 2 on coral reefs. Science,
284, 118–120.
Littler, M. M., Littler, D. S., and Brooks, B. L., 2006. Harmful algae
on tropical coral reefs: bottom-up eutrophication and top-down
herbivory. Harmful Algae, 5, 565–585.
Mumby, P. J., Harborne, A. R., 2010. Marine reserves enhance the
recovery of corals on Caribbean reefs. PLoS ONE, 5, e8657,
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008657.
Murdoch, T. J. T., and Aronson, R. B., 1999. Scale-dependent spatial variability of coral assemblages along the Florida reef tract.
Coral Reefs, 18, 341–351.
Ostrander, G. K., Armstrong, K. M., Knobbe, E. T., Gerace, D., and
Scully, E. P., 2000. Rapid transition in the structure of a coral reef
community: the effects of coral bleaching and physical disturbance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
U.S.A., 97, 5297–5302.
Porter, J. W., and Meier, O. W., 1992. Quantification of loss and
change in Floridian reef coral populations. American Zoologist,
32, 625–640.
Quinn, J. F., and Dunham, A. E., 1983. On hypothesis testing in
ecology and evolution. American Naturalist, 122, 602–617.
Sammarco, P. W., 1985. The Great Barrier reef vs. the Caribbean:
comparisons of grazers, coral recruitment patterns, and reef
recovery. Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef
Contress, Tahiti, 4, 391–397.
Sandin, S. A., Smith, J. E., DeMartini, E. E., Dinsdale, E. A.,
Donner, S. D., Friedlander, A. M., Konotchick, T., Malay, M.,
Maragos, J. E., Obura, D., Pantos, O., Paulay, G., Richie, M.,
Rohwer, F., Schroeder, R. E., Walsh, S., Jackson, J. B. C.,
Knowlton, N., and Sala, E., 2008. Baselines and degradation of
coral reefs in the northern line islands. PLoS ONE, e1548;
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001548.
Schutte, V. G. W., Selig, E. R., and Bruno, J. F., 2010. Regional
spatio-temporal trends in Caribbean coral reef benthic communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 402, 115–122,
doi:10.3354/meps08438.
WBGU, 2006. The Future Oceans—Warming Up, Rising High,
Turning Sour. Berlin: Special Report, German Advisory Council
on Global Change, www.wbgu.de/wbgu_sn2006_en.pdf.
Wilkinson, C. R. (ed.), 2008. Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
2008. Townsville: Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, and
Reef and Rainforest Research Centre.
Williams, I. D., Polunin, N. V. C., and Hendrick, V. J., 2001. Limits
to grazing by herbivorous fishes and the impact of low coral
cover on macroalgal abundance on a coral reef in Belize. Marine
Ecology Progress Series, 222, 187–196.
Cross-references
Acanthaster planci
Algae-Macro
Bioerosion
Climate Change and Coral Reefs
Historical Ecology of Coral Reefs
Impacts of Sediment on Coral Reefs
Nutrient Pollution/Eutrophication
Ocean Acidification, Effects on Calcification
Reef Interconnectivity/Larval Dispersal
Sea Level Change and Its Effect on Reef Growth
Temperature Change: Bleaching
Volcanic Disturbances and Coral Reefs
Western Atlantic/Caribbean, Coral Reefs
612
INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC DRIVERS ON CORAL REEFS