McCall, J., Rosen, B. R., and Darrell, J., 1994. Carbonate deposition
in accretionary prism settings: early Miocene coral limestones
and corals of the Makhran Mountain Range in southern Iran.
Facies, 31, 141–178.
Monty, C. L. V., Bosence, D. W. J., Bridges, P. H., and Pratt, B. R.
(eds.), 1995. Carbonate Mud Mounds: Their Origin and Evolution. International Association of Sedimentologists. Special Publication, 23. Oxford:Blackwell Science, pp. 475–493.
Mundy, D. J. C., 1994. Microbiolite-sponge-bryozoan-coral
framestones in Lower Carboniferous (Late Visean) buildups in
northern England (UK). In Embry, A. F., Beauchamp, B., and
Glass, D. J. (eds.), Pangea: Global Environments and
Resources, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir.
Vol. 17, pp. 713–729.
Pandolfi, J. M., and Jackson, J. B. C., 2001. Community structure in
Pleistocene coral reefs of Curacao reefs, Netherlands Antilles.
Ecological Monographs, 72, 49–67.
Ries, J. B., Stanley, S. M., and Hardie, L. A., 2006. Scleractinian
corals produce calcite, and grow more slowly, in artificial Cretaceous seawater. Geology, 34, 525–528.
Rosen, B. R., 1986. Modular growth and form of corals: a matter of
metamers? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,
London, B313, 115–142.
Sandberg, P. A., 1983. An oscillating trend in Phanerozoic
nonskeletal carbonate mineralogy. Nature, 305, 19–22.
Signor, P. W. III, and Brett, C. E., 1984. The mid-Paleozoic precursor to the Mesozoic Marine Revolution. Paleobiology, 10,
229–245.
Stanley, G. D. Jr. (ed.), 2001. The History and Sedimentology of
Ancient Reef Systems, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum,
458pp. (See Chapter 1 – Stanley, G. D. Jr, Introduction to Reef
Ecosystems and Their Evolution.)
Stanley, G. D., and Swart, P. W., 1995. Evolution of the coralzooxanthellae symbiosis during the Triassic: a geochemical
approach. Paleobiology, 21, 179–199.
Stanley, S. M., and Hardie, L. A., 1998. Secular oscillations in the
carbonate mineralogy of reef-building and sediment-producing
organisms driven by tectonically forced shifts in seawater chemistry. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,
144, 3–19.
Steneck, R. S., 1982. Adaptive Trends in the Ecology and evolution
of Crustose Coralline Algae (Rhodophyta, Corallinaceae).
Ph.D. Dissertation, The John Hopkins University, Baltimore,
MD, USA.
Steneck, R. S., 1985. Adaptations of crustose coralline algae to
herbivory: patterns in space and time. In Toomey, D. F., and
Nitecki, M. H. (eds.), Paleobiology:Contempory Research and
Applications. Berlin: Springer, pp. 352–366.
Steuber, T., 1999. Isotopic and chemical intra-shell variations in
low-Mg calcite of rudist bivalves (Mollusca-Hippuritacea): disequilibrium fractions and late Cretaceous seasonality. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 88, 551–570.
Steuber, T., 2002. Plate tectonic control on the evolution of Cretaceous platform-carbonate production. Geology, 30, 259–262.
Turner, E. C., James, N. P., and Narbonne, G. M., 1997. Sea level
dynamics and growth of Neoproterozoic deep-water reefs, Mackenzie Mountains. Canada: Journal of Sedimentary Research,
67, 437–450.
Vail, P. R., Todd, R. G., and Sangree, J. B. 1977. Seismic
stratigraphy – applications to hydrocarbon exploration. In
Payton, C. E. (ed.), AAPG Memoir 26.
Vermeij, G. J., 1987. Evolution and Escalation: An Ecological History of Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 527pp.
Webb, G. E., 1994. Non-waulsortian Missippian bioherms: a comparative analysis. In Embry, A. F., Beauchamp, B., and Glass, D. J.
(eds.), Pangea: Global Environments and Resources. Memoir:
Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Vol. 17, pp. 701–712.
Webb, G. E., 1996. Was Phanerozoic reef history controlled by the
distribution of non-enzymatically secreted reef carbonates
(microbial carbonate and biologically induced cement)? Sedimentology, 43, 947–972.
Wood, R., 1999. Reef Evolution. New York: Oxford University
Press, 414p.
Wood, R., 2010. Taphonomy of reefs through time. In Allison, P. A.,
and Bottjer, D. J. (eds.), Taphonomy: Process and Bias Through
Time, 2nd edn. Topics in Geobiology, Vol. 32, 430pp. Springer
Wood, R. A., 2002. Predation in ancient reef-builders. In Kelley, P. H,
Kowalewski, M., and Hansen, T. A. (eds.), Predator-Prey Interactions in the Fossil Record, Topics in Geobiology. New York:
Klewer, Vol. 20, pp. 33–53, 464pp.
Wood, R. A., Grotzinger, J. P., and Dickson, J. A. D., 2002. Proterozoic modular biomineralized metazoan from the Nama Group,
Science, 296, 2383–2386.
Wood, R., Zhuravlev, A.Yu., and Debrenne, F., 1992. Functional
biology and ecology of Archaeocyatha. Palaios, 7, 131–156.
Cross-references
Accommodation Space
Aragonite
Back-Stepping
Bioerosion
Calcite
Climate Change and Coral Reefs
Devonian Reef Complexes of the Canning Basin
Dolomitization
Diagenesis
Fossil Coralline Algae
Framestone
Mass Extinctions, Anoxic Events and Ocean Acidification
Oil and Gas Reservoirs and Coral Reefs
Permian Capitan Reef System
Porosity Variability In Limestone Sequences
Sea Level Change and Its Effect on Reef Growth
Stromatolites
Submarine Lithification
Taphonomy
Tethys Ocean
GEOMORPHIC ZONATION
Paul Blanchon
National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cancun,
Mexico
Introduction
The coral reefs of the Atlantic, the Caribbean and the IndoPacific do not differ fundamentally in their structural forms,
their habitats and the interaction of their species, even though
the organisms occupying specific ecological roles vary
greatly between oceans and even between individual reefs.
Goreau et al. (1979, p. 135)
Despite the similarity between the geomorphology of
coral reefs noted by the Goreaus and others (Wells,
1957; Stoddart, 1969), much of the emphasis in characterizing coral-reef zonation has been ecological using either
statistically defined coral assemblages or more simply,
GEOMORPHIC ZONATION
469
in accretionary prism settings: early Miocene coral limestones
and corals of the Makhran Mountain Range in southern Iran.
Facies, 31, 141–178.
Monty, C. L. V., Bosence, D. W. J., Bridges, P. H., and Pratt, B. R.
(eds.), 1995. Carbonate Mud Mounds: Their Origin and Evolution. International Association of Sedimentologists. Special Publication, 23. Oxford:Blackwell Science, pp. 475–493.
Mundy, D. J. C., 1994. Microbiolite-sponge-bryozoan-coral
framestones in Lower Carboniferous (Late Visean) buildups in
northern England (UK). In Embry, A. F., Beauchamp, B., and
Glass, D. J. (eds.), Pangea: Global Environments and
Resources, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir.
Vol. 17, pp. 713–729.
Pandolfi, J. M., and Jackson, J. B. C., 2001. Community structure in
Pleistocene coral reefs of Curacao reefs, Netherlands Antilles.
Ecological Monographs, 72, 49–67.
Ries, J. B., Stanley, S. M., and Hardie, L. A., 2006. Scleractinian
corals produce calcite, and grow more slowly, in artificial Cretaceous seawater. Geology, 34, 525–528.
Rosen, B. R., 1986. Modular growth and form of corals: a matter of
metamers? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,
London, B313, 115–142.
Sandberg, P. A., 1983. An oscillating trend in Phanerozoic
nonskeletal carbonate mineralogy. Nature, 305, 19–22.
Signor, P. W. III, and Brett, C. E., 1984. The mid-Paleozoic precursor to the Mesozoic Marine Revolution. Paleobiology, 10,
229–245.
Stanley, G. D. Jr. (ed.), 2001. The History and Sedimentology of
Ancient Reef Systems, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum,
458pp. (See Chapter 1 – Stanley, G. D. Jr, Introduction to Reef
Ecosystems and Their Evolution.)
Stanley, G. D., and Swart, P. W., 1995. Evolution of the coralzooxanthellae symbiosis during the Triassic: a geochemical
approach. Paleobiology, 21, 179–199.
Stanley, S. M., and Hardie, L. A., 1998. Secular oscillations in the
carbonate mineralogy of reef-building and sediment-producing
organisms driven by tectonically forced shifts in seawater chemistry. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,
144, 3–19.
Steneck, R. S., 1982. Adaptive Trends in the Ecology and evolution
of Crustose Coralline Algae (Rhodophyta, Corallinaceae).
Ph.D. Dissertation, The John Hopkins University, Baltimore,
MD, USA.
Steneck, R. S., 1985. Adaptations of crustose coralline algae to
herbivory: patterns in space and time. In Toomey, D. F., and
Nitecki, M. H. (eds.), Paleobiology:Contempory Research and
Applications. Berlin: Springer, pp. 352–366.
Steuber, T., 1999. Isotopic and chemical intra-shell variations in
low-Mg calcite of rudist bivalves (Mollusca-Hippuritacea): disequilibrium fractions and late Cretaceous seasonality. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 88, 551–570.
Steuber, T., 2002. Plate tectonic control on the evolution of Cretaceous platform-carbonate production. Geology, 30, 259–262.
Turner, E. C., James, N. P., and Narbonne, G. M., 1997. Sea level
dynamics and growth of Neoproterozoic deep-water reefs, Mackenzie Mountains. Canada: Journal of Sedimentary Research,
67, 437–450.
Vail, P. R., Todd, R. G., and Sangree, J. B. 1977. Seismic
stratigraphy – applications to hydrocarbon exploration. In
Payton, C. E. (ed.), AAPG Memoir 26.
Vermeij, G. J., 1987. Evolution and Escalation: An Ecological History of Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 527pp.
Webb, G. E., 1994. Non-waulsortian Missippian bioherms: a comparative analysis. In Embry, A. F., Beauchamp, B., and Glass, D. J.
(eds.), Pangea: Global Environments and Resources. Memoir:
Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Vol. 17, pp. 701–712.
Webb, G. E., 1996. Was Phanerozoic reef history controlled by the
distribution of non-enzymatically secreted reef carbonates
(microbial carbonate and biologically induced cement)? Sedimentology, 43, 947–972.
Wood, R., 1999. Reef Evolution. New York: Oxford University
Press, 414p.
Wood, R., 2010. Taphonomy of reefs through time. In Allison, P. A.,
and Bottjer, D. J. (eds.), Taphonomy: Process and Bias Through
Time, 2nd edn. Topics in Geobiology, Vol. 32, 430pp. Springer
Wood, R. A., 2002. Predation in ancient reef-builders. In Kelley, P. H,
Kowalewski, M., and Hansen, T. A. (eds.), Predator-Prey Interactions in the Fossil Record, Topics in Geobiology. New York:
Klewer, Vol. 20, pp. 33–53, 464pp.
Wood, R. A., Grotzinger, J. P., and Dickson, J. A. D., 2002. Proterozoic modular biomineralized metazoan from the Nama Group,
Science, 296, 2383–2386.
Wood, R., Zhuravlev, A.Yu., and Debrenne, F., 1992. Functional
biology and ecology of Archaeocyatha. Palaios, 7, 131–156.
Cross-references
Accommodation Space
Aragonite
Back-Stepping
Bioerosion
Calcite
Climate Change and Coral Reefs
Devonian Reef Complexes of the Canning Basin
Dolomitization
Diagenesis
Fossil Coralline Algae
Framestone
Mass Extinctions, Anoxic Events and Ocean Acidification
Oil and Gas Reservoirs and Coral Reefs
Permian Capitan Reef System
Porosity Variability In Limestone Sequences
Sea Level Change and Its Effect on Reef Growth
Stromatolites
Submarine Lithification
Taphonomy
Tethys Ocean
GEOMORPHIC ZONATION
Paul Blanchon
National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cancun,
Mexico
Introduction
The coral reefs of the Atlantic, the Caribbean and the IndoPacific do not differ fundamentally in their structural forms,
their habitats and the interaction of their species, even though
the organisms occupying specific ecological roles vary
greatly between oceans and even between individual reefs.
Goreau et al. (1979, p. 135)
Despite the similarity between the geomorphology of
coral reefs noted by the Goreaus and others (Wells,
1957; Stoddart, 1969), much of the emphasis in characterizing coral-reef zonation has been ecological using either
statistically defined coral assemblages or more simply,
GEOMORPHIC ZONATION
469