Dredging and filling methods and plans for projects
should require reduction of turbidity and sedimentation
or confining both to the immediate construction sites to
protect adjacent reefs.
Other mitigation methods should be evaluated such as
coral transplantation that may also help reefs recover
from previous impacts from sediments and dredging.
Bibliography
Bak, R. P. M., 1978. Lethal and sub lethal effects of dredging on
coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2, 14–16.
Brock, V. E., Van Heuklem, E. W., and Helfrich, P., 1966. An Ecological Reconnaissance of Johnston Island and the Effects of
Dredging. Second Annual Report to the Atomic Energy Commission, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology Technical Report
11, Kaneohe, Hawaii.
Carpenter, R. A., and Maragos, J. E. (eds.), 1989. How to Assess
Environmental Impacts on Tropical Islands and Coastal Areas.
East-West Center, Honolulu: Environment and Policy Institute.
Dawson, E. Y., 1959. Changes in Palmyra Atoll and its vegetation
through the activities of man. Pacific Naturalist, 1(2), 1–51.
Department of Civil Engineering, 1991. In Gourlay, M. (ed.), Proceedings of the Engineering in Coral Reef Regions Conference,
Magnetic Island, Townsville, Australia, 5–7 November 1990.
Townsville: University of Queensland, p. 305.
Helfrich, P., 1975. An Assessment of the Expected Impact of
a Dredging Project for Pala Lagoon, American Samoa. University of Hawaii Sea Grant Program Technical Report UNIHISEAGRANT-TR-76-02, Honolulu.
Hezel, F. X., and Berg, M. L., 1980. Winds of Change: a Book of
Readings on Micronesian History, 2nd Printing. Kolonia, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia: Omnibus Program for
Social Studies Cultural Heritage, 548 pp.
Hunter, C. L., and Evans, C. W., 1995. Coral reefs in Kaneohe Bay,
Hawaii: two centuries of western influence and two decades of
data. Bulletin of Marine Science, 57(1), 501–515.
Jokiel, P. L., Kolinski, S. P., Naughton, J., and Maragos, J. E., 2006.
Coral reef restoration and mitigation in the U.S.-affiliated Pacific
Islands. In Precht, W. F. (ed.), Coral Reef Restoration Handbook
– the Rehabilitation of an Ecosystem Under Siege. Boca Raton,
FL: CRC Press, pp. 271–290.
Kaly, U. L., and Jones, G. P., 1990. The Construction of Boat Channels by Blasting on Coral Reefs: Immediate Effects of Blasting
and Broad Scale Survey of Channels on Three Islands in Tuvalu.
Report Number 3, An environmental assessment of the impact of
reef channels in the Pacific. Prep. for New Zealand Ministry
of External Relations and Trade. Zoology Dept. University of
Aukland, New Zealand.
Engineering on Coral Reefs with Emphasis on Pacific Reefs, Figure 10 Airport construction destroys Kuta Beach at Denpasar,
Bali: (a) Kuta Beach in Denpasar, was Bali’s most important tourism destination before 1967. (b) Requiring a modern airfield to
support increasing tourism, the government opted to extend much of the runway offshore to minimize the high cost of purchasing
land for the rest of the airport. After construction, the offshore end of the runway functioned as a giant groin that trapped sand flow
from south to north along the beach, causing the north side of the beach to erode away, and destroying many adjacent residences
and businesses. (c) Had the decision-makers consulted ocean engineers and scientists, they would have been aware of the beach
impacts and the corresponding socio-economic costs of placing the runway in the beach. Instead they may have opted for the
alternative of placing the entire runway well behind the beach.
ENGINEERING ON CORAL REEFS WITH EMPHASIS ON PACIFIC REEFS
403
should require reduction of turbidity and sedimentation
or confining both to the immediate construction sites to
protect adjacent reefs.
Other mitigation methods should be evaluated such as
coral transplantation that may also help reefs recover
from previous impacts from sediments and dredging.
Bibliography
Bak, R. P. M., 1978. Lethal and sub lethal effects of dredging on
coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2, 14–16.
Brock, V. E., Van Heuklem, E. W., and Helfrich, P., 1966. An Ecological Reconnaissance of Johnston Island and the Effects of
Dredging. Second Annual Report to the Atomic Energy Commission, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology Technical Report
11, Kaneohe, Hawaii.
Carpenter, R. A., and Maragos, J. E. (eds.), 1989. How to Assess
Environmental Impacts on Tropical Islands and Coastal Areas.
East-West Center, Honolulu: Environment and Policy Institute.
Dawson, E. Y., 1959. Changes in Palmyra Atoll and its vegetation
through the activities of man. Pacific Naturalist, 1(2), 1–51.
Department of Civil Engineering, 1991. In Gourlay, M. (ed.), Proceedings of the Engineering in Coral Reef Regions Conference,
Magnetic Island, Townsville, Australia, 5–7 November 1990.
Townsville: University of Queensland, p. 305.
Helfrich, P., 1975. An Assessment of the Expected Impact of
a Dredging Project for Pala Lagoon, American Samoa. University of Hawaii Sea Grant Program Technical Report UNIHISEAGRANT-TR-76-02, Honolulu.
Hezel, F. X., and Berg, M. L., 1980. Winds of Change: a Book of
Readings on Micronesian History, 2nd Printing. Kolonia, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia: Omnibus Program for
Social Studies Cultural Heritage, 548 pp.
Hunter, C. L., and Evans, C. W., 1995. Coral reefs in Kaneohe Bay,
Hawaii: two centuries of western influence and two decades of
data. Bulletin of Marine Science, 57(1), 501–515.
Jokiel, P. L., Kolinski, S. P., Naughton, J., and Maragos, J. E., 2006.
Coral reef restoration and mitigation in the U.S.-affiliated Pacific
Islands. In Precht, W. F. (ed.), Coral Reef Restoration Handbook
– the Rehabilitation of an Ecosystem Under Siege. Boca Raton,
FL: CRC Press, pp. 271–290.
Kaly, U. L., and Jones, G. P., 1990. The Construction of Boat Channels by Blasting on Coral Reefs: Immediate Effects of Blasting
and Broad Scale Survey of Channels on Three Islands in Tuvalu.
Report Number 3, An environmental assessment of the impact of
reef channels in the Pacific. Prep. for New Zealand Ministry
of External Relations and Trade. Zoology Dept. University of
Aukland, New Zealand.
Engineering on Coral Reefs with Emphasis on Pacific Reefs, Figure 10 Airport construction destroys Kuta Beach at Denpasar,
Bali: (a) Kuta Beach in Denpasar, was Bali’s most important tourism destination before 1967. (b) Requiring a modern airfield to
support increasing tourism, the government opted to extend much of the runway offshore to minimize the high cost of purchasing
land for the rest of the airport. After construction, the offshore end of the runway functioned as a giant groin that trapped sand flow
from south to north along the beach, causing the north side of the beach to erode away, and destroying many adjacent residences
and businesses. (c) Had the decision-makers consulted ocean engineers and scientists, they would have been aware of the beach
impacts and the corresponding socio-economic costs of placing the runway in the beach. Instead they may have opted for the
alternative of placing the entire runway well behind the beach.
ENGINEERING ON CORAL REEFS WITH EMPHASIS ON PACIFIC REEFS
403