Gischler, E., 2007. Accretion patterns in Holocene tropical coral
reefs: do massive coral reefs in deeper water with slowly growing corals accrete faster than shallower branched coral reefs with
rapidly growing corals? International Journal of Earth Sciences,
97, 851–859.
Gischler, E., and Hudson, H., 2004. Holocene development of the
Belize barrier reef. Sedimentary Geology, 164, 223–236.
Hallock, P., and Schlager, W., 1986. Nutrient excess and the demise
of reefs and carbonate platforms. Palaios, 1, 389–398.
Hopley, D., Smithers, S. G., and Parnell, K. E., 2007. The Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef. New York: Cambridge
University Press, p. 532.
Hubbard, D., 1989. Modern carbonate environments of St. Croix
and the Caribbean: a general overview. In Hubbard, D. K.
(ed.), Terrestrial and Marine Geology of St. Croix. West Indies
Laboratory Special Publication, 9, pp. 85–94.
Hubbard, D. K., 1992. Hurricane-induced sediment transport in
open-shelf tropical systems – an example from St. Croix, U.S.
Virgin Islands. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 62, 946–960.
Hubbard, D. K., 2009a. Depth-related and species-related patterns of
Holocene reef accretion. In Swart, P. K., Eberli, G. P., and
McKenzie, J. A. (eds.), Perspectives in Carbonate Geology – A
Tribute to the Career of Robert Nathan Ginsburg. International
Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication, 41, pp. 1–18.
Hubbard, D. K., 2009b. A new Caribbean reef model: a view from
ye shoulders of giants. In Proceedings of the 11th International
Coral Reef Symposium, pp. 2–6.
Hubbard, D., Burke, R., and Gill, I., 1986. Styles of reef accretion
along a steep, shelf-edge reef, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands.
Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 56, 848–861.
Hubbard, D. K., Miller, A. I., and Scaturo, D., 1990. Production and
cycling of calcium carbonate in a shelf-edge reef system (St.
Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands): applications to the nature of reef systems in the fossil record. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 60,
335–360.
Hubbard, D. K., Gill, I. P., Burke, R. B., and Morelock, J., 1997.
Holocene reef backstepping – southwestern Puerto Rico Shelf.
In Proceedings of Eighth International Coral Reef Symposium.
Vol. 2, pp. 1779–1784.
Hubbard, D. K., Gill, I. P., and Burke, R. B., 2000. Caribbean-wide
loss of A. palmata 7,000 years ago: sea-level change, stress, or
business as usual? In Abstracts of the Ninth International Coral
Reef Symposium, Bali, Indonesia, p. 57.
Hubbard, D. K., and Gill, I. P., 2002. Recent coral reef decline: is
the past the key to the future? Geological Society of America
Abstracts with Programs, p. 168.
Hubbard, D. K., Gill, O. P., and Toscano, M. A., 2004. The Holocene Acropora palmata record and recent coral-reef decline. In
Lewis, R. D., and Panuska, B. C. (eds.), Proceedings of the
11th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, pp. 1–11.
Hubbard, D. K., Zankl, H., Van Heerden, I., and Gill, I., 2005. Holocene reef development along the northeastern St. Croix Shelf,
Buck Island, U.S. Virgin Islands. Journal of Sedimentary
Research, 75, 97–113.
Hubbard, D., Burke, R., Gill, I., Ramirez, W., and Sherman, C.,
2008. Coral-reef geology: Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin
Islands. In Riegl, B. M., and Dodge, R. E., (eds.), Coral Reefs
of the USA. Springer, pp. 263–302.
Hubbard, D., Ramirez, W., David Cuevas, D., Erickson, T., and
Estep, A., 2009. Holocene reef accretion along the north side
of Bahia Enriquillo (western Dominican Republic): unique
insights into patterns of reef development in response to sealevel rise. In Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef
Symposium, pp. 43–47.
Jackson, J. B. C., 1992. Pleistocene perspectives on coral reef community structure. American Zoologist, 32, 719–731.
Jukes-Browne, A. J., and Harrison, J. B., 1891. The geology of Barbados, part I: the coral rocks of Barbados and other West Indian
islands. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London,
47, 197–243.
Lighty, R., Macintyre, I., and Stuckenrath, R., 1978. Submerged
early Holocene barrier reef, southeast Florida shelf. Nature,
276, 59–60.
Lighty, R., Macintyre, I., and Stuckenrath, R., 1982. Acropora
palmata reef framework: a reliable indicator of sea level in the
western Atlantic for the past 10,000 years. Coral Reefs, 1,
125–130
Macintyre, I. G., 1972. Submerged reefs of Eastern Caribbean.
American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 56,
720–738.
Macinytre, I. G., 1988. Modern coral reefs of western Atlantic: new
geological perspective. American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Bulletin, 72, 1360–1369.
Macintyre, I. G., Burke, R. B., and Stuckenrath, R., 1981. Core
holes in the outer fore reef off Carrie Box Cay, Belize: a key to
the Holocene history of the Belizean Barrier reef complex. In
Proceedings of Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium.
Vol. 1, pp. 567–574.
Macintyre, I., Raymond, W., and Stuckenrath, R., 1983. Recent history of a fringing reef, Bahia Salina del Sur, Vieques Island,
Puerto Rico. Atoll Research Bulletin, 268, 1–9.
Macintyre, I., Multer, H. G., Zankl, H., Hubbard, D., Weiss, M., and
Stuckenrath, R., 1985. Growth and depositional facies of
a windward reef, Nonsuch reef complex, Nonsuch Bay, Antigua,
W.I. In Proceedings of Fifth International Coral Reef Symposium. Vol. 6, pp. 605–610.
Macintyre, I. G., Toscano, M. A., and Lundberg, J., 2008. Complex
environmental patterns and Holocene sea-level changes controlling reef histories along northeastern St. Croix, USVI. Atoll
Research Bulletin, 556, 1–25.
Moore, C. H., and Shedd, W. W., 1977. Effective rates of sponge
bioerosion as a function of carbonate production. In Proceedings
of the Third International Coral Reef Symposium. Vol. 2, pp.
499–505.
Neumann, A. C., 1977. Bermuda sea level history curve. In Bloom,
A. I. (ed.), Atlas of Sea Level Curves. IGCP Project 61. Ithaca:
Cornell University, p. C18.
Neumann, A. C., and Macintyre, I., 1985. Reef response to sealevel rise: keep-up, catch-up, or give-up. In Proceedings of
the Fifth International Coral Reef Symposium. Vol. 3, pp.
105–110.
Pandolfi, J. M., 1996. Limited membership in Pleistocene reef coral
assemblages from the Huon Peninsula, Papua, New Guinea: constancy during global change. Paleobiology, 22, 152–176.
Pindell, J., Cande, S., Pitman, W., Rowley, D., Dewey, J.,
Labrecque, J., and Haxby, W., 1988. A plate-kinematic framework for models of Caribbean evolution. Tectonophysics, 115,
121–138.
Rogers, C., 1983. Sublethal and lethal effects of sediments applied
to common Caribbean reef corals in the field. Marine Pollution
Bulletin, 14, 378–382.
Schlager, W., 1981. The paradox of drowned reefs and carbonate
platforms. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 92,
197–211.
Sherman, C., Nemeth, M., Ruíz, H., Bejarano, I., Appeldoorn, R.,
Pagán, F., Schärer, M., and Weil, E., 2010. Geomorphology
and benthic cover of mesophotic coral ecosystems of the upper
insular slope of outhwest Puerto Rico. Coral Reefs, 29(this
issue). doi:10.1007/s00338-010-0607-4.
Stanford, J. D., Rohling, E. J., Hunter, S. E., Roberts, A. P., Rasmussen, S. O., Bard, E., McManus, J., and Fairbanks, R. G., 2006.
Timing of meltwater pulse 1a and climate responses to meltwater
injections. Paleoceanography, 21, 4103.
EASTERN CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS
347
reefs: do massive coral reefs in deeper water with slowly growing corals accrete faster than shallower branched coral reefs with
rapidly growing corals? International Journal of Earth Sciences,
97, 851–859.
Gischler, E., and Hudson, H., 2004. Holocene development of the
Belize barrier reef. Sedimentary Geology, 164, 223–236.
Hallock, P., and Schlager, W., 1986. Nutrient excess and the demise
of reefs and carbonate platforms. Palaios, 1, 389–398.
Hopley, D., Smithers, S. G., and Parnell, K. E., 2007. The Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef. New York: Cambridge
University Press, p. 532.
Hubbard, D., 1989. Modern carbonate environments of St. Croix
and the Caribbean: a general overview. In Hubbard, D. K.
(ed.), Terrestrial and Marine Geology of St. Croix. West Indies
Laboratory Special Publication, 9, pp. 85–94.
Hubbard, D. K., 1992. Hurricane-induced sediment transport in
open-shelf tropical systems – an example from St. Croix, U.S.
Virgin Islands. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 62, 946–960.
Hubbard, D. K., 2009a. Depth-related and species-related patterns of
Holocene reef accretion. In Swart, P. K., Eberli, G. P., and
McKenzie, J. A. (eds.), Perspectives in Carbonate Geology – A
Tribute to the Career of Robert Nathan Ginsburg. International
Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication, 41, pp. 1–18.
Hubbard, D. K., 2009b. A new Caribbean reef model: a view from
ye shoulders of giants. In Proceedings of the 11th International
Coral Reef Symposium, pp. 2–6.
Hubbard, D., Burke, R., and Gill, I., 1986. Styles of reef accretion
along a steep, shelf-edge reef, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands.
Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 56, 848–861.
Hubbard, D. K., Miller, A. I., and Scaturo, D., 1990. Production and
cycling of calcium carbonate in a shelf-edge reef system (St.
Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands): applications to the nature of reef systems in the fossil record. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 60,
335–360.
Hubbard, D. K., Gill, I. P., Burke, R. B., and Morelock, J., 1997.
Holocene reef backstepping – southwestern Puerto Rico Shelf.
In Proceedings of Eighth International Coral Reef Symposium.
Vol. 2, pp. 1779–1784.
Hubbard, D. K., Gill, I. P., and Burke, R. B., 2000. Caribbean-wide
loss of A. palmata 7,000 years ago: sea-level change, stress, or
business as usual? In Abstracts of the Ninth International Coral
Reef Symposium, Bali, Indonesia, p. 57.
Hubbard, D. K., and Gill, I. P., 2002. Recent coral reef decline: is
the past the key to the future? Geological Society of America
Abstracts with Programs, p. 168.
Hubbard, D. K., Gill, O. P., and Toscano, M. A., 2004. The Holocene Acropora palmata record and recent coral-reef decline. In
Lewis, R. D., and Panuska, B. C. (eds.), Proceedings of the
11th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, pp. 1–11.
Hubbard, D. K., Zankl, H., Van Heerden, I., and Gill, I., 2005. Holocene reef development along the northeastern St. Croix Shelf,
Buck Island, U.S. Virgin Islands. Journal of Sedimentary
Research, 75, 97–113.
Hubbard, D., Burke, R., Gill, I., Ramirez, W., and Sherman, C.,
2008. Coral-reef geology: Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin
Islands. In Riegl, B. M., and Dodge, R. E., (eds.), Coral Reefs
of the USA. Springer, pp. 263–302.
Hubbard, D., Ramirez, W., David Cuevas, D., Erickson, T., and
Estep, A., 2009. Holocene reef accretion along the north side
of Bahia Enriquillo (western Dominican Republic): unique
insights into patterns of reef development in response to sealevel rise. In Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef
Symposium, pp. 43–47.
Jackson, J. B. C., 1992. Pleistocene perspectives on coral reef community structure. American Zoologist, 32, 719–731.
Jukes-Browne, A. J., and Harrison, J. B., 1891. The geology of Barbados, part I: the coral rocks of Barbados and other West Indian
islands. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London,
47, 197–243.
Lighty, R., Macintyre, I., and Stuckenrath, R., 1978. Submerged
early Holocene barrier reef, southeast Florida shelf. Nature,
276, 59–60.
Lighty, R., Macintyre, I., and Stuckenrath, R., 1982. Acropora
palmata reef framework: a reliable indicator of sea level in the
western Atlantic for the past 10,000 years. Coral Reefs, 1,
125–130
Macintyre, I. G., 1972. Submerged reefs of Eastern Caribbean.
American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 56,
720–738.
Macinytre, I. G., 1988. Modern coral reefs of western Atlantic: new
geological perspective. American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Bulletin, 72, 1360–1369.
Macintyre, I. G., Burke, R. B., and Stuckenrath, R., 1981. Core
holes in the outer fore reef off Carrie Box Cay, Belize: a key to
the Holocene history of the Belizean Barrier reef complex. In
Proceedings of Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium.
Vol. 1, pp. 567–574.
Macintyre, I., Raymond, W., and Stuckenrath, R., 1983. Recent history of a fringing reef, Bahia Salina del Sur, Vieques Island,
Puerto Rico. Atoll Research Bulletin, 268, 1–9.
Macintyre, I., Multer, H. G., Zankl, H., Hubbard, D., Weiss, M., and
Stuckenrath, R., 1985. Growth and depositional facies of
a windward reef, Nonsuch reef complex, Nonsuch Bay, Antigua,
W.I. In Proceedings of Fifth International Coral Reef Symposium. Vol. 6, pp. 605–610.
Macintyre, I. G., Toscano, M. A., and Lundberg, J., 2008. Complex
environmental patterns and Holocene sea-level changes controlling reef histories along northeastern St. Croix, USVI. Atoll
Research Bulletin, 556, 1–25.
Moore, C. H., and Shedd, W. W., 1977. Effective rates of sponge
bioerosion as a function of carbonate production. In Proceedings
of the Third International Coral Reef Symposium. Vol. 2, pp.
499–505.
Neumann, A. C., 1977. Bermuda sea level history curve. In Bloom,
A. I. (ed.), Atlas of Sea Level Curves. IGCP Project 61. Ithaca:
Cornell University, p. C18.
Neumann, A. C., and Macintyre, I., 1985. Reef response to sealevel rise: keep-up, catch-up, or give-up. In Proceedings of
the Fifth International Coral Reef Symposium. Vol. 3, pp.
105–110.
Pandolfi, J. M., 1996. Limited membership in Pleistocene reef coral
assemblages from the Huon Peninsula, Papua, New Guinea: constancy during global change. Paleobiology, 22, 152–176.
Pindell, J., Cande, S., Pitman, W., Rowley, D., Dewey, J.,
Labrecque, J., and Haxby, W., 1988. A plate-kinematic framework for models of Caribbean evolution. Tectonophysics, 115,
121–138.
Rogers, C., 1983. Sublethal and lethal effects of sediments applied
to common Caribbean reef corals in the field. Marine Pollution
Bulletin, 14, 378–382.
Schlager, W., 1981. The paradox of drowned reefs and carbonate
platforms. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 92,
197–211.
Sherman, C., Nemeth, M., Ruíz, H., Bejarano, I., Appeldoorn, R.,
Pagán, F., Schärer, M., and Weil, E., 2010. Geomorphology
and benthic cover of mesophotic coral ecosystems of the upper
insular slope of outhwest Puerto Rico. Coral Reefs, 29(this
issue). doi:10.1007/s00338-010-0607-4.
Stanford, J. D., Rohling, E. J., Hunter, S. E., Roberts, A. P., Rasmussen, S. O., Bard, E., McManus, J., and Fairbanks, R. G., 2006.
Timing of meltwater pulse 1a and climate responses to meltwater
injections. Paleoceanography, 21, 4103.
EASTERN CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS
347