from coral habitats along the southeastern Rockall Bank
slope, Duineveld et al. (2007) noted a remarkable paucity
of deposit-feeders compared to abyssal communities and
a short trophic length of the food chain dominated by filter-feeders, added by predators and scavengers. The major
food source is from suspended particles. However, our
present knowledge is limited if not contradictory as to
what extent zooplankton forms a significant part of the
suspended load (see Duineveld et al., 2007 for discussion).
Summary
In the recent years, knowledge on the general distribution,
biology, geology, and hydrography has generated a wealth
of information on the subject of cold-water coral reefs and
their associated communities through the application of
state-of-the-art marine instrumentation (Roberts et al.,
2009a). Cold-water coral reefs are formed by a small
group of colonial azooxanthellate scleractinians as biological engineers and thereby providing a great variety of
habitats attractive for a diverse associated community.
These framework-constructing corals trap suspended sedimentary particles to generate a three-dimensional structure within an astonishingly short time and at rates
comparable to some tropical shallow-water coral reef
systems.
Bibliography
Beuck, L., and Freiwald, A., 2005. Bioerosion patterns in a deepwater Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) thicket (Propeller Mound,
northern Porcupine Seabight). In Freiwald, A., and Roberts,
J. M. (eds.) Cold-water Corals and Ecosystems. Heidelberg:
Springer Verlag, pp. 915–936.
Beuck, L., Freiwald, A., and Taviani, M., 2010. Spatiotemporal
bioerosion patterns in deep-water scleractinians from off Santa
Maria di Leuca (Apulia, Ionian Sea). Deep-Sea Research Part
II, 57, 458–470.
Beuck, L., López Correa, M., and Freiwald, A., 2008. Biogeographical distribution of Hyrrokkin (Rosalinidae, Foraminifera) and its
host-specific morphological and textural trace variability. In
Wisshak, M., and Tapanila, L. (eds.) Current Developments in
Bioerosion. Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 329–360.
Beuck, L., Vertino, A., Stepina, E., Karolczak, M., and Pfannkuche,
O., 2007. Skeletal response of Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) to
bioeroding sponge infestation visualised with micro-computed
tomography. Facies, 53, 157–176.
Cedhagen, T., 1994. Taxonomy and biology of Hyrrokkin sarcophaga
gen. et sp. n., a parasitic foraminiferan (Rosalinidae). Sarsia, 79,
65–82.
Davies, A. J., Duineveld, G. C. A., Lavaleye, M. S. S., Bergman,
M. J. N., van Haren, H., and Roberts, J. M., 2009. Downwelling
and deep-water bottom currents as food supply mechanisms to
the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) at the
Mingulay Reef complex. Limnology and Oceanography, 54,
620–629.
Dorschel, B., Hebbeln, D., Foubert, A., White, M., and Wheeler, A.,
2007. Hydrodynamics and cold-water coral facies distribution
related to recent sedimentary processes at Galway Mound west
of Ireland. Marine Geology, 244, 184–195.
Duineveld, G. C. A., Lavaleye, M., Bergman, M. J. N., de Stigter,
H., and Mienis, F., 2007. Trophic structure of a cold-water coral
mound community (Rockall Bank, NE Atlantic) in relation to the
near-bottom particle supply and current regime. Bulletin of
Marine Science, 81, 449–467.
Försterra, G., Beuck, L., Häusserman, V., and Freiwald, A., 2005.
Shallow-water Desmophyllum dianthus (Scleractinia) from
Chile: characteristics of the biocoenoses, the bioeroding community, heterotrophic interactions and (paleo)-bathymetric implications. In Freiwald, A., and Roberts, J. M. (eds.), Cold-water
Corals and Ecosystems. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, pp.
937–977.
Fosså, J. H., Lindberg, B., Christensen, O., Lundälv, T., Svellingen,
I., Mortensen, P. B., and Alsvåg, J., 2005. Mapping of Lophelia
reefs in Norway: experiences and survey methods. In Freiwald,
A., and Roberts, J. M. (eds.), Cold-water Corals and Ecosystems. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, pp. 359–391.
Frank, N., Ricard, E., Lutringer-Paquet, A., van der Land, C., Colin,
C., Blamart, D., Foubert, A., Van Rooij, D., Henriet, J.-P., de
Haas, H., and van Weering, T., 2009. The Holocene occurrence
of cold water corals in the NE Atlantic: implications for coral
carbonate mound evolution. Marine Geology, 266, 129–142.
Freiwald, A., 2002. Reef-forming cold-water corals. In Wefer, G.,
Billett, D., Hebbeln, D., Jørgensen, B. B., Schlüter, M., and
van Weering, T. C. E. (eds.), Ocean Margin Systems. Heidelberg:
Springer, pp. 365–385.
Freiwald, A., and Schönfeld, J., 1996. Substrate pitting and boring
pattern of Hyrrokkin sarcophaga Cedhagen, 1994 (Foraminifera) in a modern deep-water coral reef mound. Marine Micropaleontology, 28, 199–207.
Freiwald, A., and Wilson, J. B., 1998. Taphonomy of modern
deep, cold-temperate water coral reefs. Historical Biology, 13,
37–52.
Freiwald, A., Fosså, J. H., Grehan, A., Koslow, T., and Roberts,
J. M., 2004. Cold-water coral reefs. UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity
Series, 22, 1–85.
Harmelin, J. G., 1990. Interactions between small sciaphilous
scleractinians and epizoans in the northern Mediterranean, with
particular reference to bryozoans. P.S.Z.N.I.: Marine Ecology,
11, 351–364.
Jensen, A., and Frederiksen, R., 1992. The fauna associated with the
bank-forming deepwater coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia)
on the Faroe shelf. Sarsia, 77, 53–69.
Jonsson, L. G., Nilsson, P. G., Floruta, F., and Lundälv, T., 2004.
Distributional patterns of macro- and megafauna associated
with a reef of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa on the
Swedish west coast. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 284,
163–171.
Lindberg, B., and Mienert, J., 2005. Post-glacial carbonate production by cold-water corals on the Norwegian Shelf and their role
in the global carbonate budget. Geology, 33, 537–540.
Messing, C. G., Brooke, S. D., Reed, J. K., and Richardson, S.,
2008. A possible role for agglutinated foraminifers in the growth
of deep-water coral bioherms. Deepsea Coral Symposium 2008,
Wellington, New Zealand, pp. 107.
Messing, C. G., Reed, J. K., Brooke, S. D., and Ross, S. W., 2008. In
Riegl, B., and Dodge, R. E. (eds.), Coral Reefs of the USA.
Springer, pp. 763–787.
Mienis, F., de Stigter, H., White, M., Duineveld, G. C. A., de Haas, H.,
and van Weering, T., 2007. Hydrodynamic controls on cold-water
coral growth and carbonate-mound development at the SW and SE
Rockall Trough Margin. NE Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research
Part I, 54, 1655–1674.
Mortensen, P. B., 2001. Aquarium observations on the deep-water
coral Lophelia pertusa (L., 1758) (Scleractinia) and selected
associated invertebrates. Ophelia, 54, 83–104.
Mortensen, P. B., and Fosså, J. H., 2006. Species diversity and spatial distribution of invertebrates on deep-water Lophelia reefs in
Norway. Proceedings of the 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, pp. 1849–1868.
228
COLD-WATER CORAL REEFS
slope, Duineveld et al. (2007) noted a remarkable paucity
of deposit-feeders compared to abyssal communities and
a short trophic length of the food chain dominated by filter-feeders, added by predators and scavengers. The major
food source is from suspended particles. However, our
present knowledge is limited if not contradictory as to
what extent zooplankton forms a significant part of the
suspended load (see Duineveld et al., 2007 for discussion).
Summary
In the recent years, knowledge on the general distribution,
biology, geology, and hydrography has generated a wealth
of information on the subject of cold-water coral reefs and
their associated communities through the application of
state-of-the-art marine instrumentation (Roberts et al.,
2009a). Cold-water coral reefs are formed by a small
group of colonial azooxanthellate scleractinians as biological engineers and thereby providing a great variety of
habitats attractive for a diverse associated community.
These framework-constructing corals trap suspended sedimentary particles to generate a three-dimensional structure within an astonishingly short time and at rates
comparable to some tropical shallow-water coral reef
systems.
Bibliography
Beuck, L., and Freiwald, A., 2005. Bioerosion patterns in a deepwater Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) thicket (Propeller Mound,
northern Porcupine Seabight). In Freiwald, A., and Roberts,
J. M. (eds.) Cold-water Corals and Ecosystems. Heidelberg:
Springer Verlag, pp. 915–936.
Beuck, L., Freiwald, A., and Taviani, M., 2010. Spatiotemporal
bioerosion patterns in deep-water scleractinians from off Santa
Maria di Leuca (Apulia, Ionian Sea). Deep-Sea Research Part
II, 57, 458–470.
Beuck, L., López Correa, M., and Freiwald, A., 2008. Biogeographical distribution of Hyrrokkin (Rosalinidae, Foraminifera) and its
host-specific morphological and textural trace variability. In
Wisshak, M., and Tapanila, L. (eds.) Current Developments in
Bioerosion. Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 329–360.
Beuck, L., Vertino, A., Stepina, E., Karolczak, M., and Pfannkuche,
O., 2007. Skeletal response of Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) to
bioeroding sponge infestation visualised with micro-computed
tomography. Facies, 53, 157–176.
Cedhagen, T., 1994. Taxonomy and biology of Hyrrokkin sarcophaga
gen. et sp. n., a parasitic foraminiferan (Rosalinidae). Sarsia, 79,
65–82.
Davies, A. J., Duineveld, G. C. A., Lavaleye, M. S. S., Bergman,
M. J. N., van Haren, H., and Roberts, J. M., 2009. Downwelling
and deep-water bottom currents as food supply mechanisms to
the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) at the
Mingulay Reef complex. Limnology and Oceanography, 54,
620–629.
Dorschel, B., Hebbeln, D., Foubert, A., White, M., and Wheeler, A.,
2007. Hydrodynamics and cold-water coral facies distribution
related to recent sedimentary processes at Galway Mound west
of Ireland. Marine Geology, 244, 184–195.
Duineveld, G. C. A., Lavaleye, M., Bergman, M. J. N., de Stigter,
H., and Mienis, F., 2007. Trophic structure of a cold-water coral
mound community (Rockall Bank, NE Atlantic) in relation to the
near-bottom particle supply and current regime. Bulletin of
Marine Science, 81, 449–467.
Försterra, G., Beuck, L., Häusserman, V., and Freiwald, A., 2005.
Shallow-water Desmophyllum dianthus (Scleractinia) from
Chile: characteristics of the biocoenoses, the bioeroding community, heterotrophic interactions and (paleo)-bathymetric implications. In Freiwald, A., and Roberts, J. M. (eds.), Cold-water
Corals and Ecosystems. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, pp.
937–977.
Fosså, J. H., Lindberg, B., Christensen, O., Lundälv, T., Svellingen,
I., Mortensen, P. B., and Alsvåg, J., 2005. Mapping of Lophelia
reefs in Norway: experiences and survey methods. In Freiwald,
A., and Roberts, J. M. (eds.), Cold-water Corals and Ecosystems. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, pp. 359–391.
Frank, N., Ricard, E., Lutringer-Paquet, A., van der Land, C., Colin,
C., Blamart, D., Foubert, A., Van Rooij, D., Henriet, J.-P., de
Haas, H., and van Weering, T., 2009. The Holocene occurrence
of cold water corals in the NE Atlantic: implications for coral
carbonate mound evolution. Marine Geology, 266, 129–142.
Freiwald, A., 2002. Reef-forming cold-water corals. In Wefer, G.,
Billett, D., Hebbeln, D., Jørgensen, B. B., Schlüter, M., and
van Weering, T. C. E. (eds.), Ocean Margin Systems. Heidelberg:
Springer, pp. 365–385.
Freiwald, A., and Schönfeld, J., 1996. Substrate pitting and boring
pattern of Hyrrokkin sarcophaga Cedhagen, 1994 (Foraminifera) in a modern deep-water coral reef mound. Marine Micropaleontology, 28, 199–207.
Freiwald, A., and Wilson, J. B., 1998. Taphonomy of modern
deep, cold-temperate water coral reefs. Historical Biology, 13,
37–52.
Freiwald, A., Fosså, J. H., Grehan, A., Koslow, T., and Roberts,
J. M., 2004. Cold-water coral reefs. UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity
Series, 22, 1–85.
Harmelin, J. G., 1990. Interactions between small sciaphilous
scleractinians and epizoans in the northern Mediterranean, with
particular reference to bryozoans. P.S.Z.N.I.: Marine Ecology,
11, 351–364.
Jensen, A., and Frederiksen, R., 1992. The fauna associated with the
bank-forming deepwater coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia)
on the Faroe shelf. Sarsia, 77, 53–69.
Jonsson, L. G., Nilsson, P. G., Floruta, F., and Lundälv, T., 2004.
Distributional patterns of macro- and megafauna associated
with a reef of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa on the
Swedish west coast. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 284,
163–171.
Lindberg, B., and Mienert, J., 2005. Post-glacial carbonate production by cold-water corals on the Norwegian Shelf and their role
in the global carbonate budget. Geology, 33, 537–540.
Messing, C. G., Brooke, S. D., Reed, J. K., and Richardson, S.,
2008. A possible role for agglutinated foraminifers in the growth
of deep-water coral bioherms. Deepsea Coral Symposium 2008,
Wellington, New Zealand, pp. 107.
Messing, C. G., Reed, J. K., Brooke, S. D., and Ross, S. W., 2008. In
Riegl, B., and Dodge, R. E. (eds.), Coral Reefs of the USA.
Springer, pp. 763–787.
Mienis, F., de Stigter, H., White, M., Duineveld, G. C. A., de Haas, H.,
and van Weering, T., 2007. Hydrodynamic controls on cold-water
coral growth and carbonate-mound development at the SW and SE
Rockall Trough Margin. NE Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research
Part I, 54, 1655–1674.
Mortensen, P. B., 2001. Aquarium observations on the deep-water
coral Lophelia pertusa (L., 1758) (Scleractinia) and selected
associated invertebrates. Ophelia, 54, 83–104.
Mortensen, P. B., and Fosså, J. H., 2006. Species diversity and spatial distribution of invertebrates on deep-water Lophelia reefs in
Norway. Proceedings of the 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, pp. 1849–1868.
228
COLD-WATER CORAL REEFS