Gattuso, J. P., Allemand, D., and Frankignoulle, M., 1999. Photosynthesis and calcification at cellular, organismal, and community levels in coral reefs: a review of interactions and control
by carbonate chemistry. American Zoologist, 39, 160–183.
Haberstroh, P. R., and Sansone, F. J., 1999. Reef framework diagenesis across wave-flushed oxic-suboxic-anoxic transition zones.
Coral Reefs, 18, 229–240.
Hatcher, B. G., 1997. Organic production and decomposition. In
Birkeland, C. (ed.), Life and Death of Coral Reefs. New York:
Chapman & Hall, pp. 140–174.
Hearn, C. J., Atkinson, M. J., and Falter, J. L., 2001. A physical derivation of nutrient-uptake rates in coral reefs: effects of roughness and waves. Coral Reefs, 20, 347–356.
Hochberg, E. J., and Atkinson, M. J., 2008. Coral reef benthic productivity based on optical absorptance and light-use efficiency.
Coral Reefs, 27, 49–59.
Hochberg, E. J., Atkinson, M. J., and Andrefouet, S., 2003. Spectral
reflectance of coral reef bottom-types worldwide and implications for coral reef remote sensing. Remote Sensing of Environment, 85, 159–173.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., and Williamson, J., 1999. Availability of two
forms of dissolved nitrogen to the coral Pocillapora damicornis
and its symbiotic zoooxanthellae. Coral Reefs, 133, 561–570.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Mumby, P. J., Hooten, A. J., Steneck, R. S.,
et al., 2007. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean
acidification. Science, 318, 1737–1742.
Huettel, M., and Rusch, A., 2000. Transport and degradation of phytoplankton in permeable sediment. Limnology and Oceanography, 45, 534–549.
Kinsey, D. W., 1985. Metabolism, calcification, and carbon production: I. Systems level studies. 5th International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti, 4, 505–526.
Kleypas, J. A., and Langdon, C., 2006. Coral reefs and changing
seawater chemistry. In Phinney, J. T., Hoegh-Guldberg, O.,
Kleypas, J., Skirving, W., and Strong, A. (eds.), Coral reefs
and climate change science: science and management. American
Geophysical Union Monograph Series, Coastal Estuary Studies,
61, 73–110.
Kraines, S., Suzuki, Y., Yamada, K., and Komiyama, H., 1996. Separating biological and physical changes in dissolved oxygen concentration in a coral reef. Limnology and Oceanography, 41,
1790–1799.
Kraines, S., Suzuki, Y., Omori, T., Shitashima, K., Kanahara, S., and
Komiyama, H., 1997. Carbonate dynamics of the coral reef system at Bora Bay, Miyako Island. Marine Ecology Progress
Series, 156, 1–16.
Langdon, C., Broecker, W. S., Hammond, D. E., Glen, E.,
Fitzsimmons, K., Nelson, S. G., Peng, T. H., Hajdas, I., and
Bemani, G., 2003. Effects of elevated CO 2 on the community
metabolism of an experimental coral reef. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17(1), 1011, doi: 10,1029/2002GB001941.
Odum, H. T., and Odum, E. P., 1955. Trophic structure and productivity of a windward coral reef community on Eniwetok Atoll.
Ecology Monograph, 25, 1415–1444.
Ribes, M., Coma, R., Atkinson, M. J., and Kinzie III, R. A., 2003.
Particles removal by coral reef communities: a major source of
nitrogen. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 257, 13–23.
Sansone, F. J., Tribble, G. W., Andrews, C. A., and Chanton, J. P.,
1990. Anaerobic diagenesis within recent, pleistocene, and
eocene marine carbonate frameworks. Sedimentology, 37,
997–1009.
Schlichter, D., and Liebezeit, G., 1991. The natural release of amino
acids from the symbiotic coral Heteroxenia fuscescens (Ehrb.) as
a function of photosynthesis. Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology, 150, 83–90.
Sebens, K. P., Grace, S. P., Helmuth, B., Maney, Jr., E. J., and Miles,
J. S., 1997. Water flow and prey capture by three scleractinian
corals, Madracis mirabilis, Montastrea cavernosa, and Porites
porites in a field enclosure. Marine Biology, 131, 347–360.
Smith, S. V., and Buddemeier, R. W., 1992. Global change in coral
reef ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecological Systems, 23,
89–118.
Tarrant, A. M., Atkinson, M. J., and Atkinson, S., 2004. Effects of
steroidal estrogens on coral growth and reproduction. Marine
Ecology Progress Series, 269, 121–129.
Tribble, G. W., Sansone, F. J., and Smith, S. V., 1990. Stoichiometric modeling of carbon diagenesis within a coral reef framework.
Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 2439–2449.
Tribollet, A., 2008. The boring microflora in modern coral reef ecosystems: a review of its roles. In Wisshak, M., and Tapanila, L.
(eds.), Current Developments in Bioerosion. Berlin/Heidelberg:
Springer, pp. 67–94.
Wilkinson, C. R., Williams, D., Sammarco, P. W., Hogg, R. W., and
Trott, L. A., 1984. Rates of nitrogen fixation on coral reefs across
the continental shelf of the central Great Barrier Reef. Marine
Biology, 80, 255–262.
Yahel, G., Post, A. F., Fabricius, K., Marie, D., Vaulot, D., and
Genin, A., 1998. Phytoplankton distribution and grazing near
coral reefs. Limnology and Oceanography, 43, 551–563.
Yahel, G., Sharp, J. H., Marie, D., Hase, C., and Genin, A., 2003.
In-situ feeding and element removal in the symbiotic-bearing
sponge Theonella swinhoei: Bulk DOC is the major source for
carbon. Limnology and Oceanography, 48(1),141–149.
Cross-references
Carbonate Budgets and Reef Framework Accumulation
Diagenesis
Dolomitization
Nutrient Pollution/Eutrophication
Ocean Acidification, Effects on Calcification
Platforms (Cemented)
Solution Processes/Reef Erosion
CARBONATE BUDGETS AND REEF FRAMEWORK
ACCUMULATION
Chris T. Perry
Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
Definition
Carbonate budget: A quantitative measure, typically using
census-based data, of the net rate of carbonate production
within a given reef or carbonate sedimentary environment.
The approach enables rates of reef carbonate production
and erosion, associated with different biological, chemical
and physical processes, to be quantified.
Introduction
In many tropical reef environments, corals are important
primary producers of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) and
thus play a key role in reef framework construction. High
percentage coral cover is often taken as indicative of
a high rate of CaCO 3 accumulation and thus of rapid reef
growth potential. However, corals represent just one of the
carbonate producing groups that contribute to reef
CARBONATE BUDGETS AND REEF FRAMEWORK ACCUMULATION
185
by carbonate chemistry. American Zoologist, 39, 160–183.
Haberstroh, P. R., and Sansone, F. J., 1999. Reef framework diagenesis across wave-flushed oxic-suboxic-anoxic transition zones.
Coral Reefs, 18, 229–240.
Hatcher, B. G., 1997. Organic production and decomposition. In
Birkeland, C. (ed.), Life and Death of Coral Reefs. New York:
Chapman & Hall, pp. 140–174.
Hearn, C. J., Atkinson, M. J., and Falter, J. L., 2001. A physical derivation of nutrient-uptake rates in coral reefs: effects of roughness and waves. Coral Reefs, 20, 347–356.
Hochberg, E. J., and Atkinson, M. J., 2008. Coral reef benthic productivity based on optical absorptance and light-use efficiency.
Coral Reefs, 27, 49–59.
Hochberg, E. J., Atkinson, M. J., and Andrefouet, S., 2003. Spectral
reflectance of coral reef bottom-types worldwide and implications for coral reef remote sensing. Remote Sensing of Environment, 85, 159–173.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., and Williamson, J., 1999. Availability of two
forms of dissolved nitrogen to the coral Pocillapora damicornis
and its symbiotic zoooxanthellae. Coral Reefs, 133, 561–570.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Mumby, P. J., Hooten, A. J., Steneck, R. S.,
et al., 2007. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean
acidification. Science, 318, 1737–1742.
Huettel, M., and Rusch, A., 2000. Transport and degradation of phytoplankton in permeable sediment. Limnology and Oceanography, 45, 534–549.
Kinsey, D. W., 1985. Metabolism, calcification, and carbon production: I. Systems level studies. 5th International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti, 4, 505–526.
Kleypas, J. A., and Langdon, C., 2006. Coral reefs and changing
seawater chemistry. In Phinney, J. T., Hoegh-Guldberg, O.,
Kleypas, J., Skirving, W., and Strong, A. (eds.), Coral reefs
and climate change science: science and management. American
Geophysical Union Monograph Series, Coastal Estuary Studies,
61, 73–110.
Kraines, S., Suzuki, Y., Yamada, K., and Komiyama, H., 1996. Separating biological and physical changes in dissolved oxygen concentration in a coral reef. Limnology and Oceanography, 41,
1790–1799.
Kraines, S., Suzuki, Y., Omori, T., Shitashima, K., Kanahara, S., and
Komiyama, H., 1997. Carbonate dynamics of the coral reef system at Bora Bay, Miyako Island. Marine Ecology Progress
Series, 156, 1–16.
Langdon, C., Broecker, W. S., Hammond, D. E., Glen, E.,
Fitzsimmons, K., Nelson, S. G., Peng, T. H., Hajdas, I., and
Bemani, G., 2003. Effects of elevated CO 2 on the community
metabolism of an experimental coral reef. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17(1), 1011, doi: 10,1029/2002GB001941.
Odum, H. T., and Odum, E. P., 1955. Trophic structure and productivity of a windward coral reef community on Eniwetok Atoll.
Ecology Monograph, 25, 1415–1444.
Ribes, M., Coma, R., Atkinson, M. J., and Kinzie III, R. A., 2003.
Particles removal by coral reef communities: a major source of
nitrogen. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 257, 13–23.
Sansone, F. J., Tribble, G. W., Andrews, C. A., and Chanton, J. P.,
1990. Anaerobic diagenesis within recent, pleistocene, and
eocene marine carbonate frameworks. Sedimentology, 37,
997–1009.
Schlichter, D., and Liebezeit, G., 1991. The natural release of amino
acids from the symbiotic coral Heteroxenia fuscescens (Ehrb.) as
a function of photosynthesis. Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology, 150, 83–90.
Sebens, K. P., Grace, S. P., Helmuth, B., Maney, Jr., E. J., and Miles,
J. S., 1997. Water flow and prey capture by three scleractinian
corals, Madracis mirabilis, Montastrea cavernosa, and Porites
porites in a field enclosure. Marine Biology, 131, 347–360.
Smith, S. V., and Buddemeier, R. W., 1992. Global change in coral
reef ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecological Systems, 23,
89–118.
Tarrant, A. M., Atkinson, M. J., and Atkinson, S., 2004. Effects of
steroidal estrogens on coral growth and reproduction. Marine
Ecology Progress Series, 269, 121–129.
Tribble, G. W., Sansone, F. J., and Smith, S. V., 1990. Stoichiometric modeling of carbon diagenesis within a coral reef framework.
Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 2439–2449.
Tribollet, A., 2008. The boring microflora in modern coral reef ecosystems: a review of its roles. In Wisshak, M., and Tapanila, L.
(eds.), Current Developments in Bioerosion. Berlin/Heidelberg:
Springer, pp. 67–94.
Wilkinson, C. R., Williams, D., Sammarco, P. W., Hogg, R. W., and
Trott, L. A., 1984. Rates of nitrogen fixation on coral reefs across
the continental shelf of the central Great Barrier Reef. Marine
Biology, 80, 255–262.
Yahel, G., Post, A. F., Fabricius, K., Marie, D., Vaulot, D., and
Genin, A., 1998. Phytoplankton distribution and grazing near
coral reefs. Limnology and Oceanography, 43, 551–563.
Yahel, G., Sharp, J. H., Marie, D., Hase, C., and Genin, A., 2003.
In-situ feeding and element removal in the symbiotic-bearing
sponge Theonella swinhoei: Bulk DOC is the major source for
carbon. Limnology and Oceanography, 48(1),141–149.
Cross-references
Carbonate Budgets and Reef Framework Accumulation
Diagenesis
Dolomitization
Nutrient Pollution/Eutrophication
Ocean Acidification, Effects on Calcification
Platforms (Cemented)
Solution Processes/Reef Erosion
CARBONATE BUDGETS AND REEF FRAMEWORK
ACCUMULATION
Chris T. Perry
Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
Definition
Carbonate budget: A quantitative measure, typically using
census-based data, of the net rate of carbonate production
within a given reef or carbonate sedimentary environment.
The approach enables rates of reef carbonate production
and erosion, associated with different biological, chemical
and physical processes, to be quantified.
Introduction
In many tropical reef environments, corals are important
primary producers of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) and
thus play a key role in reef framework construction. High
percentage coral cover is often taken as indicative of
a high rate of CaCO 3 accumulation and thus of rapid reef
growth potential. However, corals represent just one of the
carbonate producing groups that contribute to reef
CARBONATE BUDGETS AND REEF FRAMEWORK ACCUMULATION
185