Rotjan, R. D., Dimond, J. L., Thornhill, D. J., Leichter, J. J.,
Helmuth, B., Kemp, D. W., and Lewis, S. M., 2006. Chronic
parrotfish grazing impedes coral recovery after bleaching. Coral
Reefs, 25, 361–368.
Russ, G. 1984. Distribution and abundance of herbivorous grazing
fishes in the central Great Barrier Reef. 1. Levels of variability
across the entire continental shelf. Marine Ecology Progress
Series, 20, 23–34.
Rützler, K., 1975. The role of burrowing sponges in bioerosion.
Oecologia (Berlin), 19, 203–216.
Rützler, K., 2003. Impact of crustose clionid sponges on Caribbean
reef corals. Acta Geologica Hispanica, 37, 61–72.
Rützler, K., and Reiger, G., 1973. Sponge burrowing: Fine structure
of Cliona lampa penetrating calcareous substrata. Marine Biology, 21, 144–162.
Sammarco, P. W., 1985. The Great Barrier vs the Caribbean comparisons of grazers, coral recruitment patterns and reef recovery. In
Fifth International Coral Reefs Congress, Antenne MuseumEPHE, Tahiti, pp. 391–397.
Sato-Okushi, W., and Okoshi, K., 1993. Microstructure of scallop
and oyster shells infested with boring Polydora. Nippon Suisan
Gakkaishi, 59, 1243–1247.
Schönberg, C. H. L., 2008. A history of sponge erosion: from past
myths and hypothesis to recent approaches. In Wisshak, M.,
and Tapanila, L. (eds.), Current Developments in Bioerosion.
Erlangen Conference Series. Berlin Heidelberg: SpringerVerlag, pp. 165–202.
Scott, P. J. B., 1988. Initial settlement behaviour and survivorship of
Lithophaga bisulcata d’Orbigny (Mytilidae: Lithophaginae).
Journal of Molluscan Studies, 54, 83–95.
Shaffir, S., Gur, O., and Rinkevich, B., 2008. A Drupella cornus
outbreak in the northern Gulf of Eilat and changes in coral prey.
Coral Reefs, 27(2), 379.
Sheppard, C. R. C., Spalding, M., Bradshaw, C., and Wilson, S.,
2002. Erosion vs. recovery of coral reefs after 1998 El Niño:
Chagos reefs, Indian Ocean. Ambio, 31, 40–48.
Soliman, G. N., 1969. Ecological Aspects of Some Coral-Boring
Gastropods and Bivalves of the Northwestern Red Sea.
American Zoologist, 9, 887–894.
Streelman, J. T., Alfaro, M., Westneat, M. W., Bellwood, D. R., and
Karl, S. A., 2002. Evolutionary history of the parrotfishes: biogeography, ecomorphology and comparative diversity. Evolution, 56, 961–971.
Sussman M., Willis, B. L., Victor, S., and Bourne, D. G., 2008.
Coral pathogens identified for white syndrome (WS) epizootics
in the Indo-Pacific. PLoS ONE, 3(6): e2393, 1–14.
Tapanila, L., 2008. The endolithic guild: an ecological framework for
residential cavities in hard substrates. In Wisshak, M., and
Tapanila, L. (eds.), Current Developments in Bioerosion. Erlangen
Conference Series. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 3–19.
Tribollet, A., 2007. Dissolution of dead coral by euendolithic microorganisms across the northern Great Barrier Reef (Australia).
Microbial Ecology, 55(4), 569–580.
Tribollet, A., 2008. The boring microflora in modern coral reef ecosystems: a review of its roles. In Wisshak, M., and Tapanila, L.
(eds.), Current Developments in Bioerosion. Erlangen Conference Series. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 67–94.
Tribollet, A., and Payri, C., 2001. Bioerosion of the crustose coralline algae Hydrolithon onkodes by microborers in the coral reefs
of Moorea, French Polynesia. Oceanology Acta, 24, 329–342.
Tribollet, A., Decherf, G., Hutchings, P. A., and Peyrot–Clausade,
M., 2002. Spatial large scale variability in bioerosion of experimental coral substrates on the GBR (Australia); Importance of
microborers. Coral Reefs, 21, 424–432.
Tudhope, A. W., and Risk, M. J., 1985. Rate of dissolution of
carbonate sediments by microboring organisms, Davies Reef,
Australia. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 55, 440–447.
Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rützler,
K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Vacelet,
J., Manconi, R., Schönberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R.,
and Klautau, M., 2008. World Porifera database. Consulted on
2009-10-20, World Porifera Database (available online at
http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera).
Warme, J. E., 1975. Borings as trace fossils, and the process of
marine bioerosion. In Frey, R. W. (ed.), The study of trace fossils.
Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer, pp. 181–229.
Wilkinson, C., 1983. Role of sponges in coral reef structural processes. In Barnes, D. J. (ed.), Perspectives on coral reefs. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, pp. 263–274.
Wood, R., 1999. Reef Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Xavier, J. R., Rachello-Dolmen P. G., Parra-Velandia, F., Schönberg
C. H. L., Breeuwer J. A. J., and van Soest R. W. M. In press.
Molecular evidence of cryptic speciation in the “cosmopolitan”
excavating sponge Cliona celata (Porifera, Clionaidae). Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution.
Zottoli, R. A., and Carricker, M. R., 1974. Burrow morphology,
tube formation, and microarchitecture of shell dissolution by
the spionid polychaete Polydora websteri. Marine Biology, 27,
307–316.
Zundelevich, A., Lazar, B., and Ilan, M., 2007. Chemical versus
mechanical bioerosion of coral reefs by boring sponges- lessons
from Pione cf. vastifica. Journal of Experimental Biology, 210,
91–96.
Cross-references
Algae, Blue-Green Boring
Carbonate Budgets and Reef Framework Accumulation
Microbes
Nutrient Pollution/Eutrophication
Reefal Microbial Crusts
Solution Processes/Reef Erosion
BIOHERMS AND BIOSTROMES
Jacques L. Laborel
Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
Definitions and history
The words were coined by Cumings (1932), a bioherm
being defined as a mound or lens-shaped organic buildup, edified by the skeletons of various organisms and lying
unconformably inside a stratigraphic series of different
lithology. Conversely, a biostrome is a flat layered reef
structure, wide or narrow in shape and causing no stratigraphic disturbance inside its sedimentary environment.
In this original meaning both formations were conceived
as stratigraphic units and neither the biotic conditions
for their development nor steric disposition of their elements were taken into account.
– For the Encyclopaedia Britannica a bioherm is defined
as “an ancient organic reef of moundlike form built by
a variety of marine invertebrates (and coralline algae).
A structure built by similar organisms that is bedded
but not moundlike is called a biostrome.”
156
BIOHERMS AND BIOSTROMES
Helmuth, B., Kemp, D. W., and Lewis, S. M., 2006. Chronic
parrotfish grazing impedes coral recovery after bleaching. Coral
Reefs, 25, 361–368.
Russ, G. 1984. Distribution and abundance of herbivorous grazing
fishes in the central Great Barrier Reef. 1. Levels of variability
across the entire continental shelf. Marine Ecology Progress
Series, 20, 23–34.
Rützler, K., 1975. The role of burrowing sponges in bioerosion.
Oecologia (Berlin), 19, 203–216.
Rützler, K., 2003. Impact of crustose clionid sponges on Caribbean
reef corals. Acta Geologica Hispanica, 37, 61–72.
Rützler, K., and Reiger, G., 1973. Sponge burrowing: Fine structure
of Cliona lampa penetrating calcareous substrata. Marine Biology, 21, 144–162.
Sammarco, P. W., 1985. The Great Barrier vs the Caribbean comparisons of grazers, coral recruitment patterns and reef recovery. In
Fifth International Coral Reefs Congress, Antenne MuseumEPHE, Tahiti, pp. 391–397.
Sato-Okushi, W., and Okoshi, K., 1993. Microstructure of scallop
and oyster shells infested with boring Polydora. Nippon Suisan
Gakkaishi, 59, 1243–1247.
Schönberg, C. H. L., 2008. A history of sponge erosion: from past
myths and hypothesis to recent approaches. In Wisshak, M.,
and Tapanila, L. (eds.), Current Developments in Bioerosion.
Erlangen Conference Series. Berlin Heidelberg: SpringerVerlag, pp. 165–202.
Scott, P. J. B., 1988. Initial settlement behaviour and survivorship of
Lithophaga bisulcata d’Orbigny (Mytilidae: Lithophaginae).
Journal of Molluscan Studies, 54, 83–95.
Shaffir, S., Gur, O., and Rinkevich, B., 2008. A Drupella cornus
outbreak in the northern Gulf of Eilat and changes in coral prey.
Coral Reefs, 27(2), 379.
Sheppard, C. R. C., Spalding, M., Bradshaw, C., and Wilson, S.,
2002. Erosion vs. recovery of coral reefs after 1998 El Niño:
Chagos reefs, Indian Ocean. Ambio, 31, 40–48.
Soliman, G. N., 1969. Ecological Aspects of Some Coral-Boring
Gastropods and Bivalves of the Northwestern Red Sea.
American Zoologist, 9, 887–894.
Streelman, J. T., Alfaro, M., Westneat, M. W., Bellwood, D. R., and
Karl, S. A., 2002. Evolutionary history of the parrotfishes: biogeography, ecomorphology and comparative diversity. Evolution, 56, 961–971.
Sussman M., Willis, B. L., Victor, S., and Bourne, D. G., 2008.
Coral pathogens identified for white syndrome (WS) epizootics
in the Indo-Pacific. PLoS ONE, 3(6): e2393, 1–14.
Tapanila, L., 2008. The endolithic guild: an ecological framework for
residential cavities in hard substrates. In Wisshak, M., and
Tapanila, L. (eds.), Current Developments in Bioerosion. Erlangen
Conference Series. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 3–19.
Tribollet, A., 2007. Dissolution of dead coral by euendolithic microorganisms across the northern Great Barrier Reef (Australia).
Microbial Ecology, 55(4), 569–580.
Tribollet, A., 2008. The boring microflora in modern coral reef ecosystems: a review of its roles. In Wisshak, M., and Tapanila, L.
(eds.), Current Developments in Bioerosion. Erlangen Conference Series. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 67–94.
Tribollet, A., and Payri, C., 2001. Bioerosion of the crustose coralline algae Hydrolithon onkodes by microborers in the coral reefs
of Moorea, French Polynesia. Oceanology Acta, 24, 329–342.
Tribollet, A., Decherf, G., Hutchings, P. A., and Peyrot–Clausade,
M., 2002. Spatial large scale variability in bioerosion of experimental coral substrates on the GBR (Australia); Importance of
microborers. Coral Reefs, 21, 424–432.
Tudhope, A. W., and Risk, M. J., 1985. Rate of dissolution of
carbonate sediments by microboring organisms, Davies Reef,
Australia. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 55, 440–447.
Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rützler,
K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Vacelet,
J., Manconi, R., Schönberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R.,
and Klautau, M., 2008. World Porifera database. Consulted on
2009-10-20, World Porifera Database (available online at
http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera).
Warme, J. E., 1975. Borings as trace fossils, and the process of
marine bioerosion. In Frey, R. W. (ed.), The study of trace fossils.
Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer, pp. 181–229.
Wilkinson, C., 1983. Role of sponges in coral reef structural processes. In Barnes, D. J. (ed.), Perspectives on coral reefs. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, pp. 263–274.
Wood, R., 1999. Reef Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Xavier, J. R., Rachello-Dolmen P. G., Parra-Velandia, F., Schönberg
C. H. L., Breeuwer J. A. J., and van Soest R. W. M. In press.
Molecular evidence of cryptic speciation in the “cosmopolitan”
excavating sponge Cliona celata (Porifera, Clionaidae). Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution.
Zottoli, R. A., and Carricker, M. R., 1974. Burrow morphology,
tube formation, and microarchitecture of shell dissolution by
the spionid polychaete Polydora websteri. Marine Biology, 27,
307–316.
Zundelevich, A., Lazar, B., and Ilan, M., 2007. Chemical versus
mechanical bioerosion of coral reefs by boring sponges- lessons
from Pione cf. vastifica. Journal of Experimental Biology, 210,
91–96.
Cross-references
Algae, Blue-Green Boring
Carbonate Budgets and Reef Framework Accumulation
Microbes
Nutrient Pollution/Eutrophication
Reefal Microbial Crusts
Solution Processes/Reef Erosion
BIOHERMS AND BIOSTROMES
Jacques L. Laborel
Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
Definitions and history
The words were coined by Cumings (1932), a bioherm
being defined as a mound or lens-shaped organic buildup, edified by the skeletons of various organisms and lying
unconformably inside a stratigraphic series of different
lithology. Conversely, a biostrome is a flat layered reef
structure, wide or narrow in shape and causing no stratigraphic disturbance inside its sedimentary environment.
In this original meaning both formations were conceived
as stratigraphic units and neither the biotic conditions
for their development nor steric disposition of their elements were taken into account.
– For the Encyclopaedia Britannica a bioherm is defined
as “an ancient organic reef of moundlike form built by
a variety of marine invertebrates (and coralline algae).
A structure built by similar organisms that is bedded
but not moundlike is called a biostrome.”
156
BIOHERMS AND BIOSTROMES