promote larval recruits and offer food and nutrients as well
as habitats for other species such as bacteria, algae, and
foraminifera. The most important encrusting organisms
of modern reefs are the light-dependent calcareous coralline algae, but many other calcareous encrusting organisms exist including polychaetes, phoronid worms,
chaetognaths, holothurianschordates, foraminifera, corals,
bivalves, algae, and bryozoans. These organisms bind sedimentary particles to create a living framework or shelter
or the binding process is purely a by-product of the organisms’ digestion and scavenging of the sedimentary environment for food.
Bibliography
Allwood, A. C., Walter, M. R., Kamber, B. S., Marshall, C. P., and
Burch, I. W., 2006. Stromatolite reef from the Early Archaean
era of Australia. Nature, 441(7094), 714–718.
Awramik, S. M., and Riding, R., 1988. Role of algal eukaryotes in
subtidal columnar stromatolite formation. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences USA, 85, 1327–1329.
Bailey-Brock, J. H., Kirtley, D. W., Nishi, E., and Pohler, S. M. J.,
2009. Neosabellaria vitiensis, n. sp. (Annelida: Polychaeta:
Sabellariidae), from Shallow Water of Suva Harbor, Fiji 1.
Pacific Science, 61(3), 399–406.
Ballantine, D. L., Bowden-Kerby, A., and Aponte, N. E., 2000.
Cruoriella rhodoliths from shallow-water back reef environments in La Parguera, Puerto Rico (Caribbean Sea). Coral Reefs,
19(1), 75–81.
Bianchi, C. N., Aliani, S., and Morri, C., 1995. Present-day serpulid
reefs, with reference to an on-going research project on
Ficopomatus enigmaticus. In Lathuiliere, B., and Geister, J.
(eds.), Coral Reefs in the Past, Present and Future. Luxembourg: Publ. Serv. Geol. Lux., pp. 61–65.
Bonar, D. B., 1972. Feeding and tube construction in chone mollis
Bush (polychaeta, sabellidae). Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology, 9(1), 1–18.
Burns, B. P., Goh, F., Allen, M., and Neilan, B. A., 2004. Microbial
diversity of extant stromatolites in the hypersaline marine environment of Shark Bay, Australia. Environmental Microbiology,
6(10), 1096–1101.
Chen, C., and Dai, C.-F., 2009. Subtidal sabellarid reefs in Hualien,
eastern Taiwan. Coral Reefs, 28(1), 275.
Davies, M. S., Hawkins, J., Blaxter, J. H. S., Southward, A. J., and
Tyler, P. A., 1998. Mucus from marine molluscs, Advances in
Marine Biology. Academic Press, pp. 1–71.
Davies, M. S., Hawkins, S. J., and Jones, H. D., 1992. Pedal mucus
and its influence on the microbial food supply of two intertidal
gastropods, Patella vulgata L. and Littorina littorea (L.). Journal
of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 161(1), 57–77.
Dean, W. E., and Eggleston, J. R., 1975. Comparative anatomy of
marine and freshwater algal reefs, Bermuda and Central New
York. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 86(5), 665–676.
Dill, R. F., Shinn, E. A., Jones, A. T., Kelly, K., and Steinen, R. P.,
1986. Giant subtidal stromatolites forming in normal salinity
waters. Nature, 324(6092), 55–58.
Dravis, J. J., 1983. Hardened subtidal stromatolites, Bahamas. Science, 219(4583), 385–386.
Fischer, R., Pernet, B., and Reitner, J., 2000. Organomineralization
of cirratulid annelid tubes-fossil and recent examples. Facies,
42(1), 35–49.
Grotzinger, J. P., and Knoll, A. H., 1999. Stromatolites in Precambrian carbonates: evolutionary mileposts or environmental dipsticks? Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 27,
313–358.
Kirtley, D. W., 1992. The Sabellariid reefs in the bay of Mont Saint
Michel, France; ecology, geomorphology, sedimentology, and
geologic implications, 1. Florida Oceanographic Society,
166pp.
Kirtley, D. W., 1994. A review and taxonomic revision of the family
Sabellariidae Johnston, 1865 (Annelida; Polychaeta). Vero
Beach, Florida: Sabecon, 223pp.
Knott N. A., Underwood A. J., Chapman M. G., and Glasby, T. M.,
2006. Growth of the encrusting sponge Tedania anhelans
(Lieberkuhn) on vertical and on horizontal surfaces of
temperate subtidal reefs. Marine and Freshwater Research, 57,
95–104.
Krasnow, L. D., and Taghon, G. L., 1997. Rate of tube building and
sediment particle size selection during tube construction by the
tanaid crustacean, Leptochelia dubia. Estuaries and Coasts,
20(3), 534–546.
Lemos, R. M. T., Silva, C. G., and Spadini, A. R., 1994.
Estratigrafia e estromatólitos recentes da Lagoa Salgada, RJ,
Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, 38, Camboriú/SC,1994,
SBG. Anais, 3, 258–260.
Logan, B. W., 1961. Cryptozoon and associate stromatolites from
the Recent, Shark Bay, Western Australia. The Journal of Geology, 69(5), 517–533.
Main, M. B., and Nelson, W. G., 1988. Sedimentary characteristics
of sabellariid worm reefs (Phragmatopoma lapidosa Kinberg).
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 26(1), 105–109.
Mallela, J., 2007. Coral reef encruster communities and carbonate
production in cryptic and exposed coral reef habitats along
a gradient of terrestrial disturbance. Coral Reefs, 26(4),
775–785.
Machado, A. J., and Moraes, S. S., 2002. A note on the occurrence
of the encrusting foraminifera Homotrema rubrum in reef sediments from two distinctive hydrodynamic settings. Anais da
Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 74, 727–735.
Maneveldt, G., Wilby, D., Potgieter, M., and Hendricks, M., 2006.
The role of encrusting coralline algae in the diets of selected
intertidal herbivores. Journal of Applied Phycology, 18,
619–627.
Naylor, L. A., and Viles, H. A., 2000. A temperate reef builder: an
evaluation of the growth, morphology and composition of
Sabellaria alveolata (L.) colonies on carbonate platforms in
South Wales. Geological Society, London, Special Publications,
178(1), 9–19.
Pandolfi, J. M., Ross Robertson, D., and Kirtley, D. W., 1998. Roles
for worms in reef-building. Coral Reefs, 17(2), 120.
Perrin, C., 2009. Solenomeris: from biomineralization patterns to
diagenesis. Facies, 55, 501–522.
Perry, C. T., 2000. Factors controlling sediment preservation on
a north Jamaican fringing reef: a process-based approach to
microfacies analysis. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 70(3),
633–648.
Perry, C. T., 1999. Reef framework preservation in four contrasting
modern reef environments, Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Journal of
Coastal Research, 15(3), 796–812.
Rasmussen, K. A., Macintyre, I. G., and Prufert, L., 1993. Modern
stromatolite reefs fringing a brackish coastline, Chetumal Bay,
Belize. Geology, 21(3), 199–202.
Rasser, M., and Riegl, B., 2002. Holocene coral reef rubble and its
binding agents. Coral Reefs, 21(1), 57–72.
Riemann, F., and Helmke, E., 2002. Symbiotic relations of sediment-agglutinating nematodes and bacteria in detrital habitats:
the enzyme-sharing concept. Marine Ecology, 23(2), 93–113.
Turon, X., Tarjuelo, I., and Uriz, M. J., 1998. Growth dynamics and
mortality of the encrusting sponge Crambe crambe
(Poecilosclerida) in contrasting habitats: correlation with population structure and investment in defence. Functional Ecology,
12, 631–639
138
BINDING ORGANISMS
as habitats for other species such as bacteria, algae, and
foraminifera. The most important encrusting organisms
of modern reefs are the light-dependent calcareous coralline algae, but many other calcareous encrusting organisms exist including polychaetes, phoronid worms,
chaetognaths, holothurianschordates, foraminifera, corals,
bivalves, algae, and bryozoans. These organisms bind sedimentary particles to create a living framework or shelter
or the binding process is purely a by-product of the organisms’ digestion and scavenging of the sedimentary environment for food.
Bibliography
Allwood, A. C., Walter, M. R., Kamber, B. S., Marshall, C. P., and
Burch, I. W., 2006. Stromatolite reef from the Early Archaean
era of Australia. Nature, 441(7094), 714–718.
Awramik, S. M., and Riding, R., 1988. Role of algal eukaryotes in
subtidal columnar stromatolite formation. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences USA, 85, 1327–1329.
Bailey-Brock, J. H., Kirtley, D. W., Nishi, E., and Pohler, S. M. J.,
2009. Neosabellaria vitiensis, n. sp. (Annelida: Polychaeta:
Sabellariidae), from Shallow Water of Suva Harbor, Fiji 1.
Pacific Science, 61(3), 399–406.
Ballantine, D. L., Bowden-Kerby, A., and Aponte, N. E., 2000.
Cruoriella rhodoliths from shallow-water back reef environments in La Parguera, Puerto Rico (Caribbean Sea). Coral Reefs,
19(1), 75–81.
Bianchi, C. N., Aliani, S., and Morri, C., 1995. Present-day serpulid
reefs, with reference to an on-going research project on
Ficopomatus enigmaticus. In Lathuiliere, B., and Geister, J.
(eds.), Coral Reefs in the Past, Present and Future. Luxembourg: Publ. Serv. Geol. Lux., pp. 61–65.
Bonar, D. B., 1972. Feeding and tube construction in chone mollis
Bush (polychaeta, sabellidae). Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology, 9(1), 1–18.
Burns, B. P., Goh, F., Allen, M., and Neilan, B. A., 2004. Microbial
diversity of extant stromatolites in the hypersaline marine environment of Shark Bay, Australia. Environmental Microbiology,
6(10), 1096–1101.
Chen, C., and Dai, C.-F., 2009. Subtidal sabellarid reefs in Hualien,
eastern Taiwan. Coral Reefs, 28(1), 275.
Davies, M. S., Hawkins, J., Blaxter, J. H. S., Southward, A. J., and
Tyler, P. A., 1998. Mucus from marine molluscs, Advances in
Marine Biology. Academic Press, pp. 1–71.
Davies, M. S., Hawkins, S. J., and Jones, H. D., 1992. Pedal mucus
and its influence on the microbial food supply of two intertidal
gastropods, Patella vulgata L. and Littorina littorea (L.). Journal
of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 161(1), 57–77.
Dean, W. E., and Eggleston, J. R., 1975. Comparative anatomy of
marine and freshwater algal reefs, Bermuda and Central New
York. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 86(5), 665–676.
Dill, R. F., Shinn, E. A., Jones, A. T., Kelly, K., and Steinen, R. P.,
1986. Giant subtidal stromatolites forming in normal salinity
waters. Nature, 324(6092), 55–58.
Dravis, J. J., 1983. Hardened subtidal stromatolites, Bahamas. Science, 219(4583), 385–386.
Fischer, R., Pernet, B., and Reitner, J., 2000. Organomineralization
of cirratulid annelid tubes-fossil and recent examples. Facies,
42(1), 35–49.
Grotzinger, J. P., and Knoll, A. H., 1999. Stromatolites in Precambrian carbonates: evolutionary mileposts or environmental dipsticks? Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 27,
313–358.
Kirtley, D. W., 1992. The Sabellariid reefs in the bay of Mont Saint
Michel, France; ecology, geomorphology, sedimentology, and
geologic implications, 1. Florida Oceanographic Society,
166pp.
Kirtley, D. W., 1994. A review and taxonomic revision of the family
Sabellariidae Johnston, 1865 (Annelida; Polychaeta). Vero
Beach, Florida: Sabecon, 223pp.
Knott N. A., Underwood A. J., Chapman M. G., and Glasby, T. M.,
2006. Growth of the encrusting sponge Tedania anhelans
(Lieberkuhn) on vertical and on horizontal surfaces of
temperate subtidal reefs. Marine and Freshwater Research, 57,
95–104.
Krasnow, L. D., and Taghon, G. L., 1997. Rate of tube building and
sediment particle size selection during tube construction by the
tanaid crustacean, Leptochelia dubia. Estuaries and Coasts,
20(3), 534–546.
Lemos, R. M. T., Silva, C. G., and Spadini, A. R., 1994.
Estratigrafia e estromatólitos recentes da Lagoa Salgada, RJ,
Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, 38, Camboriú/SC,1994,
SBG. Anais, 3, 258–260.
Logan, B. W., 1961. Cryptozoon and associate stromatolites from
the Recent, Shark Bay, Western Australia. The Journal of Geology, 69(5), 517–533.
Main, M. B., and Nelson, W. G., 1988. Sedimentary characteristics
of sabellariid worm reefs (Phragmatopoma lapidosa Kinberg).
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 26(1), 105–109.
Mallela, J., 2007. Coral reef encruster communities and carbonate
production in cryptic and exposed coral reef habitats along
a gradient of terrestrial disturbance. Coral Reefs, 26(4),
775–785.
Machado, A. J., and Moraes, S. S., 2002. A note on the occurrence
of the encrusting foraminifera Homotrema rubrum in reef sediments from two distinctive hydrodynamic settings. Anais da
Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 74, 727–735.
Maneveldt, G., Wilby, D., Potgieter, M., and Hendricks, M., 2006.
The role of encrusting coralline algae in the diets of selected
intertidal herbivores. Journal of Applied Phycology, 18,
619–627.
Naylor, L. A., and Viles, H. A., 2000. A temperate reef builder: an
evaluation of the growth, morphology and composition of
Sabellaria alveolata (L.) colonies on carbonate platforms in
South Wales. Geological Society, London, Special Publications,
178(1), 9–19.
Pandolfi, J. M., Ross Robertson, D., and Kirtley, D. W., 1998. Roles
for worms in reef-building. Coral Reefs, 17(2), 120.
Perrin, C., 2009. Solenomeris: from biomineralization patterns to
diagenesis. Facies, 55, 501–522.
Perry, C. T., 2000. Factors controlling sediment preservation on
a north Jamaican fringing reef: a process-based approach to
microfacies analysis. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 70(3),
633–648.
Perry, C. T., 1999. Reef framework preservation in four contrasting
modern reef environments, Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Journal of
Coastal Research, 15(3), 796–812.
Rasmussen, K. A., Macintyre, I. G., and Prufert, L., 1993. Modern
stromatolite reefs fringing a brackish coastline, Chetumal Bay,
Belize. Geology, 21(3), 199–202.
Rasser, M., and Riegl, B., 2002. Holocene coral reef rubble and its
binding agents. Coral Reefs, 21(1), 57–72.
Riemann, F., and Helmke, E., 2002. Symbiotic relations of sediment-agglutinating nematodes and bacteria in detrital habitats:
the enzyme-sharing concept. Marine Ecology, 23(2), 93–113.
Turon, X., Tarjuelo, I., and Uriz, M. J., 1998. Growth dynamics and
mortality of the encrusting sponge Crambe crambe
(Poecilosclerida) in contrasting habitats: correlation with population structure and investment in defence. Functional Ecology,
12, 631–639
138
BINDING ORGANISMS