Preface
This volume contains the proceedings of a Symposium held at the University of Kiel,
Germany, from 31 March to 6 April, 1971. The Symposium was organized by the
Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and the Marine Productivity section
of the International Biological Programme (IBPIPM) with the assistance of the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the International Association of Biological
Oceanography (IABO). The aim of the Symposium was to summarize present knowledge
of the biology of the Indian Ocean.
Twenty-two presentations by invited speakers reviewed the research work carried
out during the International Indian Ocean Expedition (lIOE) 1959 -1965, the first
cooperative project coordinated by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
(IOC). In addition, reports were presented of postexpedition examination of material
and of more recent investigations relevant to the aims of the lIOE.
In keeping with the aims of "Ecological Studies", the present volume contains much
new information and some synthesis, all directed towards obtaining an understanding of
the functioning and organization of the ecosystem of the Indian Ocean. The plan of the
Symposium was to present the relevant meteorological, physical, chemical and
geological background and to follow this with the various aspects of biological
oceanography.
Because of the uneven stage of development of the different disciplines, the papers
included in this volume vary in their analytical level.
The papers are included more or less as written for the Symposium. However, in order
to obtain uniformity the manuscripts have been edited, overlapping review material has
been removed, references have been grouped together and most figures have been redrawn.
I would like to thank all contributors for their cooperation.
The scientific work received substantial support from various organizations, such as:
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (BOlE et aI., KREY, LENZ)
Oceanographic Institute of the University of S. Paulo Brazil (VANNUCCI and NAVAS)
Pakistan Navy (HAQ et al.)
University of Kerala, Trivandrum, India (SHAH)
U.S. National Science Foundation (EL-SA YED and ]rrrs)
U.S. National Science Foundation (GB 12412) and Marine Life Research Program of the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (FLEMINGER and HULSEMANN)
U.S. National Data Center, U.S. National Science Foundation (GP-821) and U.S. Coast
Guard Academy (MCGILL)
and others.
The journals in the reference list are in most cases abbreviated according to the new
"World List of Periodicals for Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries" in preparation by the FAO
Fisheries Division. I would like to thank Mr. AKYOZ for his kind assistance.
The organization of the Symposium and the subsequent preparation of the volume
were immense tasks, made possible by the generous and substantial help of the Aus-
This volume contains the proceedings of a Symposium held at the University of Kiel,
Germany, from 31 March to 6 April, 1971. The Symposium was organized by the
Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and the Marine Productivity section
of the International Biological Programme (IBPIPM) with the assistance of the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the International Association of Biological
Oceanography (IABO). The aim of the Symposium was to summarize present knowledge
of the biology of the Indian Ocean.
Twenty-two presentations by invited speakers reviewed the research work carried
out during the International Indian Ocean Expedition (lIOE) 1959 -1965, the first
cooperative project coordinated by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
(IOC). In addition, reports were presented of postexpedition examination of material
and of more recent investigations relevant to the aims of the lIOE.
In keeping with the aims of "Ecological Studies", the present volume contains much
new information and some synthesis, all directed towards obtaining an understanding of
the functioning and organization of the ecosystem of the Indian Ocean. The plan of the
Symposium was to present the relevant meteorological, physical, chemical and
geological background and to follow this with the various aspects of biological
oceanography.
Because of the uneven stage of development of the different disciplines, the papers
included in this volume vary in their analytical level.
The papers are included more or less as written for the Symposium. However, in order
to obtain uniformity the manuscripts have been edited, overlapping review material has
been removed, references have been grouped together and most figures have been redrawn.
I would like to thank all contributors for their cooperation.
The scientific work received substantial support from various organizations, such as:
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (BOlE et aI., KREY, LENZ)
Oceanographic Institute of the University of S. Paulo Brazil (VANNUCCI and NAVAS)
Pakistan Navy (HAQ et al.)
University of Kerala, Trivandrum, India (SHAH)
U.S. National Science Foundation (EL-SA YED and ]rrrs)
U.S. National Science Foundation (GB 12412) and Marine Life Research Program of the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (FLEMINGER and HULSEMANN)
U.S. National Data Center, U.S. National Science Foundation (GP-821) and U.S. Coast
Guard Academy (MCGILL)
and others.
The journals in the reference list are in most cases abbreviated according to the new
"World List of Periodicals for Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries" in preparation by the FAO
Fisheries Division. I would like to thank Mr. AKYOZ for his kind assistance.
The organization of the Symposium and the subsequent preparation of the volume
were immense tasks, made possible by the generous and substantial help of the Aus-