64
Smith ND (2010) Phylogenetic analysis of Pelecaniformes (Aves) based on osteological data:
implications for waterbird phylogeny and fossil calibration studies. PLoS One 5(10):e13354
Smith L (2013) Shark Evolution and Classifi cation. Published online: http://saltwaterlife.co.uk/
ws/sharkiologist/articles/shark-evolution-and-classifi cation/ . Access 15 May 2014. Copyright
© 2013, Saltwater Life ( www.saltwaterlife.co.uk ). Reprinted with permission
Soldaat E, Leopold MF, Meesters EH et al (2009) Albatross mandible at archeological site in Amsterdam,
the Netherlands, and WP records of Diomedea albatrosses . Dutch Birding 31(1):1–16
Song J, Ortiz C, Boyce MC (2011) Threat–protection mechanics of an armored fi sh. J Mech Behav
Biomed Mater 4(5):699–712
Soons J, Herrel A, Genbrugge A et al (2010) Mechanical stress, fracture risk and beak evolution in
Darwin’s ground fi nches (Geospiza). Philos Trans R Soc B 365:1093–1098
Soons J, Herrel A, Aerts P, Dirckx J (2012a) Determination and validation of the elastic moduli of
small and complex biological samples: bone and keratin in bird beaks. J R Soc Interface
9(71):1381–1388 by permission of the Royal Society
Soons J, Herrel A, Genbrugge A et al (2012b) Multi–layered bird beaks: a fi nite–element approach
towards the role of keratin in stress dissipation. J R Soc Interface 9(73):1787–1796
Stahl B (1999) Chondrichthyes III: Holocephali. In: Schultze H–P (ed) Handbook of paleoichthyology 4. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München
Stelbrink B, von Rintelen T, Cliff G et al (2010) Molecular systematics and global phylogeography
of angel sharks (genus Squatina). Mol Phylogenet Evol 54:395–404
Stettenheim P (1972) The integument of birds. In: Famer DS, King JR (eds) Avian biology, vol 2.
Academic, New York
Stettenheim PR (2000) The integumentary morphology of modern birds–an overview. Am Zool
40(4):461–477
Stiassny MLJ, Moore JA (1992) A review of the pelvic girdle of atherinomorph fi shes. Zool J
Linnean Soc 104:209–242
Sudo S, Tsuyuki K, Ito Y et al (2002) A study on the surface shape of fi sh scales. JSME Int J Ser
C 45:1100–1105
Talevi M, Fernández MS (2012) Unexpected skeletal histology of an ichthyosaur from the Middle
Jurassic of Patagonia: implications for evolution of bone microstructure among secondary
aquatic tetrapods. Naturwissenschaften 99(3):241–244
Tamiya N, Yagi T (2011) Studies on sea snake venom. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 87(3):41–52
Taplin LE (1984) Homeostasis of plasma electrolytes, sodium and water pools in the Estuarine
crocodile, Crocodylus porosus , from fresh, saline and hypersaline waters. Oecologia
63:63–70
Taplin LE (1985) Sodium and water budgets of the fasted estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus ,
in sea water. J Comp Physiol B 155:501–513
Taplin LE, Grigg GC (1981) Salt glands in the tongue of the Estuarine Crocodile Crocodylus
porosus . Science 212:1045–1047
Taplin LE, Loveridge JP (1988) Nile crocodiles, Crocodylus niloticus , and estuarine crocodiles,
Crocodylus porosus , show similar osmoregulatory responses on exposure to seawater. Comp
Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol 89:443–448
Taub AM, Dunson WA (1967) The salt gland in a sea snake (Laticauda). Nature 215:995–996
Taylor MA (1987) A reinterpretation of ichthyosaur swimming and buoyancy. Palaeontology
30:531–535
Thewissen JGM, Williams EM (2002) The early radiations of Cetacea (Mammalia): evolutionary
pattern and developmental correlations. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 33:73–90
Thiel R, Eidus I, Neumann R (2009) The Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH) fi sh collection as
a global biodiversity archive for elasmobranchs and actinopterygians as well as other fi sh taxa.
J Appl Ichthyol 25(S1):9–32
Thomson KS (1969) The biology of the lobe–fi nned fi shes. Biol Rev 44:91–154
Thomson KS (1975) On the biology of cosmine. Bull Peabody Mus Nat Hist 40:1–59
Thorne PM, Ruta M, Benton MJ (2011) Resetting the evolution of marine reptiles at the Triassic–
Jurassic boundary. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:8339–8344
1 Introduction
Smith ND (2010) Phylogenetic analysis of Pelecaniformes (Aves) based on osteological data:
implications for waterbird phylogeny and fossil calibration studies. PLoS One 5(10):e13354
Smith L (2013) Shark Evolution and Classifi cation. Published online: http://saltwaterlife.co.uk/
ws/sharkiologist/articles/shark-evolution-and-classifi cation/ . Access 15 May 2014. Copyright
© 2013, Saltwater Life ( www.saltwaterlife.co.uk ). Reprinted with permission
Soldaat E, Leopold MF, Meesters EH et al (2009) Albatross mandible at archeological site in Amsterdam,
the Netherlands, and WP records of Diomedea albatrosses . Dutch Birding 31(1):1–16
Song J, Ortiz C, Boyce MC (2011) Threat–protection mechanics of an armored fi sh. J Mech Behav
Biomed Mater 4(5):699–712
Soons J, Herrel A, Genbrugge A et al (2010) Mechanical stress, fracture risk and beak evolution in
Darwin’s ground fi nches (Geospiza). Philos Trans R Soc B 365:1093–1098
Soons J, Herrel A, Aerts P, Dirckx J (2012a) Determination and validation of the elastic moduli of
small and complex biological samples: bone and keratin in bird beaks. J R Soc Interface
9(71):1381–1388 by permission of the Royal Society
Soons J, Herrel A, Genbrugge A et al (2012b) Multi–layered bird beaks: a fi nite–element approach
towards the role of keratin in stress dissipation. J R Soc Interface 9(73):1787–1796
Stahl B (1999) Chondrichthyes III: Holocephali. In: Schultze H–P (ed) Handbook of paleoichthyology 4. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München
Stelbrink B, von Rintelen T, Cliff G et al (2010) Molecular systematics and global phylogeography
of angel sharks (genus Squatina). Mol Phylogenet Evol 54:395–404
Stettenheim P (1972) The integument of birds. In: Famer DS, King JR (eds) Avian biology, vol 2.
Academic, New York
Stettenheim PR (2000) The integumentary morphology of modern birds–an overview. Am Zool
40(4):461–477
Stiassny MLJ, Moore JA (1992) A review of the pelvic girdle of atherinomorph fi shes. Zool J
Linnean Soc 104:209–242
Sudo S, Tsuyuki K, Ito Y et al (2002) A study on the surface shape of fi sh scales. JSME Int J Ser
C 45:1100–1105
Talevi M, Fernández MS (2012) Unexpected skeletal histology of an ichthyosaur from the Middle
Jurassic of Patagonia: implications for evolution of bone microstructure among secondary
aquatic tetrapods. Naturwissenschaften 99(3):241–244
Tamiya N, Yagi T (2011) Studies on sea snake venom. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 87(3):41–52
Taplin LE (1984) Homeostasis of plasma electrolytes, sodium and water pools in the Estuarine
crocodile, Crocodylus porosus , from fresh, saline and hypersaline waters. Oecologia
63:63–70
Taplin LE (1985) Sodium and water budgets of the fasted estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus ,
in sea water. J Comp Physiol B 155:501–513
Taplin LE, Grigg GC (1981) Salt glands in the tongue of the Estuarine Crocodile Crocodylus
porosus . Science 212:1045–1047
Taplin LE, Loveridge JP (1988) Nile crocodiles, Crocodylus niloticus , and estuarine crocodiles,
Crocodylus porosus , show similar osmoregulatory responses on exposure to seawater. Comp
Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol 89:443–448
Taub AM, Dunson WA (1967) The salt gland in a sea snake (Laticauda). Nature 215:995–996
Taylor MA (1987) A reinterpretation of ichthyosaur swimming and buoyancy. Palaeontology
30:531–535
Thewissen JGM, Williams EM (2002) The early radiations of Cetacea (Mammalia): evolutionary
pattern and developmental correlations. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 33:73–90
Thiel R, Eidus I, Neumann R (2009) The Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH) fi sh collection as
a global biodiversity archive for elasmobranchs and actinopterygians as well as other fi sh taxa.
J Appl Ichthyol 25(S1):9–32
Thomson KS (1969) The biology of the lobe–fi nned fi shes. Biol Rev 44:91–154
Thomson KS (1975) On the biology of cosmine. Bull Peabody Mus Nat Hist 40:1–59
Thorne PM, Ruta M, Benton MJ (2011) Resetting the evolution of marine reptiles at the Triassic–
Jurassic boundary. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:8339–8344
1 Introduction