324
(Nagai and Suzuki 2000 ), scale (Ikoma et al. 2003 ; Nagai et al. 2004 ), fi ns (Nagai
2004 ), wing muscles in skate (Mizuta et al. 2002 ), the backbone (Zelechowska et al.
2010 ), swimbladder (Fernandes et al. 2008 ), shark placoid-scale dentine (Kawaguchi
1985 ) and so on. Numerous technological approaches concerning collagen isolation
have been reported (Jongjareonrak et al. 2005 ; Nalinanon et al. 2007 ; Skierka and
Sadowska 2007 ). For example, “to increase the extraction yield, pepsins from mammalian and fi sh origins which specifi cally cleave at telopeptide region, have been
used successfully without the changes in molecular properties. Fish collagen can be
used in food, biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications,” (Benjakul et al. 2012 ;
see also Pati et al. 2012 ).
Fish Skin Collagen The dermis of teleost fi sh can be divided into two regions (for
reviews see Guellec et al. 2004 ). More detailed:
– “the superfi cial region (stratum laxum) is composed of a loose collagenous
matrix housing numerous fi broblasts, nerves, some pigment cells, and scales
(with a role in protection and hydrodynamics: Burdak 1979 ; Sire 1986 ). As the
skin is an accessory respiratory surface, the upper layer of the dermis is most
strongly vascularised, particularly around the scales. The deep region (stratum
compactum) is characterised by a dense, plywood-like organisation of the collagen matrix, in which some fi brocytes are interspersed. This region is penetrated
in some places by vertical bundles of collagen fi brils. In naked species, such as a
number of catfi shes, the dermis is principally composed of densely packed collagen fi bres and is thicker (0.6–2.0 mm) than in scaled species (e.g., less than
0.2 mm in zebrafi sh),” (Guellec et al. 2004 ).
– “Initially, the subepidermal region of the fi sh skin, characterised by a plywoodlike organisation of the collagen fi brils, was called ‘subepidermal collagenous
lamella’ and even renamed ‘basement lamella’. This collagenous stroma constitutes the fi rst deposited matrix of the future dermis, and in order to avoid confusion with the basement membrane, it was suggested that ‘collagenous dermal
stroma’ for the larval and early juvenile skin; and ‘stratum compactum’ instead
of ‘basement lamella’ for the adult skin” (Guellec et al. 2004 ; see also Fujii
1968 ; Nadol et al. 1969 ).
There are numerous patents on the isolation of collagen from the fi sh skin (see as
examples Higheberger 1961 ; Allard et al. 1995 ), as well as scientifi c papers. Thus,
collagens were isolated from the skin of numerous marine fi sh species: lamprey
(Kimura et al. 1981 ), skate ( Raja kenojei ) (Wang et al. 2007a ) and different sharks
(Kimura et al. 1981 ; Nomura et al. 1995 ; Yoshimura et al. 2000 ; Nomura 2004 ;
Kittiphattanabawon et al. 2010 ), hake ( Merluccius hubbsi ) (Ciarlo et al. 1997 );
threadfi n bream ( Nemipterus spp.) (Nalinanon et al. 2008 ), brown backed toadfi sh
( Lagocephalus gloveri ) (Senaratne et al. 2006 ), Baltic cod ( Gadus morhua )
(Sadowska et al. 2003 ; Sadowska and Ko1odziejska 2005 ; Skierka and Sadowska
2007 ), arabesque greenling ( Pleurogrammus azonus ) (Nalinanon et al. 2010 ), black
drum ( Pogonias cromis ) and sheepshead seabream ( Archosargus probatocephalus )
(Ogawa et al. 2003 ), brownstripe red snapper ( Lutjanus vitta ) (Jongjareonrak et al.
8 Marine Collagens
(Nagai and Suzuki 2000 ), scale (Ikoma et al. 2003 ; Nagai et al. 2004 ), fi ns (Nagai
2004 ), wing muscles in skate (Mizuta et al. 2002 ), the backbone (Zelechowska et al.
2010 ), swimbladder (Fernandes et al. 2008 ), shark placoid-scale dentine (Kawaguchi
1985 ) and so on. Numerous technological approaches concerning collagen isolation
have been reported (Jongjareonrak et al. 2005 ; Nalinanon et al. 2007 ; Skierka and
Sadowska 2007 ). For example, “to increase the extraction yield, pepsins from mammalian and fi sh origins which specifi cally cleave at telopeptide region, have been
used successfully without the changes in molecular properties. Fish collagen can be
used in food, biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications,” (Benjakul et al. 2012 ;
see also Pati et al. 2012 ).
Fish Skin Collagen The dermis of teleost fi sh can be divided into two regions (for
reviews see Guellec et al. 2004 ). More detailed:
– “the superfi cial region (stratum laxum) is composed of a loose collagenous
matrix housing numerous fi broblasts, nerves, some pigment cells, and scales
(with a role in protection and hydrodynamics: Burdak 1979 ; Sire 1986 ). As the
skin is an accessory respiratory surface, the upper layer of the dermis is most
strongly vascularised, particularly around the scales. The deep region (stratum
compactum) is characterised by a dense, plywood-like organisation of the collagen matrix, in which some fi brocytes are interspersed. This region is penetrated
in some places by vertical bundles of collagen fi brils. In naked species, such as a
number of catfi shes, the dermis is principally composed of densely packed collagen fi bres and is thicker (0.6–2.0 mm) than in scaled species (e.g., less than
0.2 mm in zebrafi sh),” (Guellec et al. 2004 ).
– “Initially, the subepidermal region of the fi sh skin, characterised by a plywoodlike organisation of the collagen fi brils, was called ‘subepidermal collagenous
lamella’ and even renamed ‘basement lamella’. This collagenous stroma constitutes the fi rst deposited matrix of the future dermis, and in order to avoid confusion with the basement membrane, it was suggested that ‘collagenous dermal
stroma’ for the larval and early juvenile skin; and ‘stratum compactum’ instead
of ‘basement lamella’ for the adult skin” (Guellec et al. 2004 ; see also Fujii
1968 ; Nadol et al. 1969 ).
There are numerous patents on the isolation of collagen from the fi sh skin (see as
examples Higheberger 1961 ; Allard et al. 1995 ), as well as scientifi c papers. Thus,
collagens were isolated from the skin of numerous marine fi sh species: lamprey
(Kimura et al. 1981 ), skate ( Raja kenojei ) (Wang et al. 2007a ) and different sharks
(Kimura et al. 1981 ; Nomura et al. 1995 ; Yoshimura et al. 2000 ; Nomura 2004 ;
Kittiphattanabawon et al. 2010 ), hake ( Merluccius hubbsi ) (Ciarlo et al. 1997 );
threadfi n bream ( Nemipterus spp.) (Nalinanon et al. 2008 ), brown backed toadfi sh
( Lagocephalus gloveri ) (Senaratne et al. 2006 ), Baltic cod ( Gadus morhua )
(Sadowska et al. 2003 ; Sadowska and Ko1odziejska 2005 ; Skierka and Sadowska
2007 ), arabesque greenling ( Pleurogrammus azonus ) (Nalinanon et al. 2010 ), black
drum ( Pogonias cromis ) and sheepshead seabream ( Archosargus probatocephalus )
(Ogawa et al. 2003 ), brownstripe red snapper ( Lutjanus vitta ) (Jongjareonrak et al.
8 Marine Collagens