234
Motta PJ (1987) A quantitative analysis of ferric iron in butterfl yfi sh teeth (Chaetodontidae,
Perciformes) and the relationship to feeding ecology. Can J Zool 65(1):106–112
Nanci A (2003) Enamel: composition, formation and structure. In: Nanci A (ed) Ten Cate’s oral
histology: development, structure, and function harcourt health. Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis
Ørvig T (1951) Histologic studies of Placoderms and fossil Elasmobranchs. I: the endoskeleton,
with remarks on the hard tissues of lower vertebrates in general. Ark Zool 2(2):321–454
Ørvig T (1967) Phylogeny of tooth tissues: evolution of some calcifi ed tissues in early vertebrates.
In: Miles AEW (ed) Structural and chemical organization of teeth, vol I. Academic, New York
Ørvig T (1968) The dermal skeleton; general considerations. In: Ørvig T (ed) Current problems of
lower vertebrate phylogeny. Proceedings of the 4th Nobel symposium. Almqvist and Wiskell,
Stockholm
Ørvig T (1969) Cosmine and cosmine growth. Lethaia 2:241–260
Ørvig T (1978) Microstructure and growth of the dermal skeleton in fossil actinopterygian fi shes:
Nephrotus and Colobodus, with remarks on the dentition in other forms. Zool Scr 7:297–326
Patterson RT, Wright C, Chang AS et al (2002) Brit. Columbia fi sh–scale atlas. Palaeontol Electron
4(1):88
Reif WE (1982) Evolution of dermal skeleton and dentition in vertebrates: the odontode regulation
theory. In: Hecht MK, Wallace B, Prauce GT (eds) Evolutionary biology, vol 15. Plenum Press,
New York, pp 287–368
Reif WE, Richter M (2001) Revisiting the lepidomorial and odontode regulation theories of
dermo–skeletal morphogenesis. Neues Jahr Geol Paläont 219:285–304
Reisz RR, Krupinina NI, Smith MM (2004) Dental histology in Ichnomylax karatajae sp. Nov., an
early Devonian dipnoan from the Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia, with a discussion on petrodentine.
J Vertebr Paleontol 24(1):18–25
Richter M, Smith MM (1995) A microstructural study of the ganoine tissue of selected lower
vertebrates. Zool J Linnean Soc 114:173–212
Sansom IJ, Smith MM, Smith MP (1996) Scales of thelodont and shark-like fi shes from the
Ordovician of Colorado. Nature 379:628–630
Sasagawa I (2002) Reprinted from: Sasagawa I (2002) Mineralization patterns in elasmobranch
fi sh. Microsc Res Tech 59:396–407. Copyright © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc., with permission from
John Wiley and Sons)
Sasagawa I, Ishiyama M, Akai J (2006) Cellular infl uence in the formation of enameloid during
odontogenesis in bony fi shes. Mater Sci Eng C 26:630–634
Sasagawa I, Ishiyama M, Yokosuka H et al (2009) Tooth enamel and enameloid in actinopterygian
fi sh. Front Mater Sci Chin 3:174–182
Sasagawa et al (2012) With kind permission from Springer Science + Business Media: Sasagawa I,
Yokosuka H, Ishiyama M et al (2012) Fine structural and immunohistochemical detection of
collar enamel in the teeth of Polypterus senegalus , an actinopterygian fi sh. Cell Tissue Res
347(2):369–381. Copyright © 2012, Springer-Verlag
Schmidt WJ (1948) Polarisationsoptische untersuchung schmelzartiger aussenschichten des zahnbeins von fi schen. III. Das durodentin von myliobatis. Cell Tissue Res 34(2):165–178
Schmidt WJ (1959) Durodentin bei einem devonischen fi sch (Laccognathus Panderi Gross). Cell
Tissue Res 49:493–514
Schmidt WJ (1969) Die schmelznatur der eisenoxidhaltigen kappe auf teleostier–zähnen. Cell
Tissue Res 93:447–450
Schneider JC, Laarman PW, Gowing H (2000) Age and growth methods and state averages:
Chapter 9. In: Schneider JC (ed) Manual of fi sheries survey methods II: with periodic updates,
Fisheries special report 25. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Ann Arbor
Schultze HP (1977) Ausgangsform und entwicklung der rhombischen schuppen der Osteichthyes
(Pisces). Palöont Z 51:152–168
Schultze HP (1996) The scales of Mesozoic actinopterygians. In: Arratia G, Viohl G (eds) Mesozoic
fi shes systematic and palaeoecology. Verlag Dr. F. Pfeil, München
Sharif F, de Vrieze E, Metz JR et al (2011) Matrix metalloproteinases in osteoclasts of ontogenetic
and regenerating zebrafi sh scales. Bone 48:704–712
4 Fish Scales as Mineral-Based Composites
Motta PJ (1987) A quantitative analysis of ferric iron in butterfl yfi sh teeth (Chaetodontidae,
Perciformes) and the relationship to feeding ecology. Can J Zool 65(1):106–112
Nanci A (2003) Enamel: composition, formation and structure. In: Nanci A (ed) Ten Cate’s oral
histology: development, structure, and function harcourt health. Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis
Ørvig T (1951) Histologic studies of Placoderms and fossil Elasmobranchs. I: the endoskeleton,
with remarks on the hard tissues of lower vertebrates in general. Ark Zool 2(2):321–454
Ørvig T (1967) Phylogeny of tooth tissues: evolution of some calcifi ed tissues in early vertebrates.
In: Miles AEW (ed) Structural and chemical organization of teeth, vol I. Academic, New York
Ørvig T (1968) The dermal skeleton; general considerations. In: Ørvig T (ed) Current problems of
lower vertebrate phylogeny. Proceedings of the 4th Nobel symposium. Almqvist and Wiskell,
Stockholm
Ørvig T (1969) Cosmine and cosmine growth. Lethaia 2:241–260
Ørvig T (1978) Microstructure and growth of the dermal skeleton in fossil actinopterygian fi shes:
Nephrotus and Colobodus, with remarks on the dentition in other forms. Zool Scr 7:297–326
Patterson RT, Wright C, Chang AS et al (2002) Brit. Columbia fi sh–scale atlas. Palaeontol Electron
4(1):88
Reif WE (1982) Evolution of dermal skeleton and dentition in vertebrates: the odontode regulation
theory. In: Hecht MK, Wallace B, Prauce GT (eds) Evolutionary biology, vol 15. Plenum Press,
New York, pp 287–368
Reif WE, Richter M (2001) Revisiting the lepidomorial and odontode regulation theories of
dermo–skeletal morphogenesis. Neues Jahr Geol Paläont 219:285–304
Reisz RR, Krupinina NI, Smith MM (2004) Dental histology in Ichnomylax karatajae sp. Nov., an
early Devonian dipnoan from the Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia, with a discussion on petrodentine.
J Vertebr Paleontol 24(1):18–25
Richter M, Smith MM (1995) A microstructural study of the ganoine tissue of selected lower
vertebrates. Zool J Linnean Soc 114:173–212
Sansom IJ, Smith MM, Smith MP (1996) Scales of thelodont and shark-like fi shes from the
Ordovician of Colorado. Nature 379:628–630
Sasagawa I (2002) Reprinted from: Sasagawa I (2002) Mineralization patterns in elasmobranch
fi sh. Microsc Res Tech 59:396–407. Copyright © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc., with permission from
John Wiley and Sons)
Sasagawa I, Ishiyama M, Akai J (2006) Cellular infl uence in the formation of enameloid during
odontogenesis in bony fi shes. Mater Sci Eng C 26:630–634
Sasagawa I, Ishiyama M, Yokosuka H et al (2009) Tooth enamel and enameloid in actinopterygian
fi sh. Front Mater Sci Chin 3:174–182
Sasagawa et al (2012) With kind permission from Springer Science + Business Media: Sasagawa I,
Yokosuka H, Ishiyama M et al (2012) Fine structural and immunohistochemical detection of
collar enamel in the teeth of Polypterus senegalus , an actinopterygian fi sh. Cell Tissue Res
347(2):369–381. Copyright © 2012, Springer-Verlag
Schmidt WJ (1948) Polarisationsoptische untersuchung schmelzartiger aussenschichten des zahnbeins von fi schen. III. Das durodentin von myliobatis. Cell Tissue Res 34(2):165–178
Schmidt WJ (1959) Durodentin bei einem devonischen fi sch (Laccognathus Panderi Gross). Cell
Tissue Res 49:493–514
Schmidt WJ (1969) Die schmelznatur der eisenoxidhaltigen kappe auf teleostier–zähnen. Cell
Tissue Res 93:447–450
Schneider JC, Laarman PW, Gowing H (2000) Age and growth methods and state averages:
Chapter 9. In: Schneider JC (ed) Manual of fi sheries survey methods II: with periodic updates,
Fisheries special report 25. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Ann Arbor
Schultze HP (1977) Ausgangsform und entwicklung der rhombischen schuppen der Osteichthyes
(Pisces). Palöont Z 51:152–168
Schultze HP (1996) The scales of Mesozoic actinopterygians. In: Arratia G, Viohl G (eds) Mesozoic
fi shes systematic and palaeoecology. Verlag Dr. F. Pfeil, München
Sharif F, de Vrieze E, Metz JR et al (2011) Matrix metalloproteinases in osteoclasts of ontogenetic
and regenerating zebrafi sh scales. Bone 48:704–712
4 Fish Scales as Mineral-Based Composites