232
Bendix-Almgreen SE, Bang BS (1997) Aspects of enameloid ontogeny in fossils and recent selachians with comments on enameloids and their occurrence during early lower vertebrate phylogeny. In: The fi rst European workshop on Vertebrate Palaeontology, Geological Museum,
Copenhagen University. Dansk geologisk Forening, on-line series no. 1, pp 1–5
Bertin L (1944) Modifi cations proposees dans la nomenclature des ecailles et des nageoires. Bull
Soc Zool Fr 69:198–202
Borgen UJ (1989) Cosmine resorption structures on three osteolepid jaws and their biological
signifi cance. Lethaia 22:413–424
Borgen UJ (1992) The function of the cosmine pore canal system. In: Mark–Kurik E (ed) Fossil
fi shes as living animals. Academy of Sciences of Estonia, Tallinn, pp 141–150
Chen PY, Schirer J, Simpson A et al (2011) Predation versus protection: fi sh teeth and scales
evaluated by nanoindentation. J Mater Res 26:1–12
Currey JD, Abeysekera RM (2003) The microhardness and fracture surface of the petrodentine of
Lepidosiren (Dipnoi), and of other mineralised tissues. Arch Oral Biol 48:439–447
Daget J, Gayet M, Jeunier FJ et al (2001) Major discoveries on the dermal skeleton of fossil and
recent polypteriformes: a review. Fish Fish 2(2):113–124
Dapar MLG, Torres MAJ, Fabricante PC et al (2012) Scale morphology of the Indian goatfi sh,
Parupeneus indicus (Shaw, 1803) (Perciformes: Mullidae). Adv Environ Biol 6(4):1426–1432
Denison RH (1974) The structure and evolution of teeth in lungfi shes. Fieldiana (Geology) 33:31–58
Dias EV, Vega CS, Canhete MVU (2010) Microstructure of paleoniscid fi sh scales from Irati
Formation, Permian (Cisuralian) of Paraná Basin. Braz J Geosci 6(2):69–75
Donoghue P, Sansom I, Downs J (2006) Early evolution of vertebrate skeletal tissues and cellular
interactions, and the canalization of skeletal development. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol
306B:278–294
Enax J, Prymak O, Raabe D et al (2012) Structure, composition, and mechanical properties of
shark teeth. J Struct Biol 178(3):290–299
Francillon-Vieillot H, de Buffrénil V, Castanet J, Géraudie J, Meunier FJ, Sire JY, Zylberberg L, de
Ricqlès A (1990) Microstructure and mineralization of vertebrate skeletal tissues. In: Carter JG
(ed) Skeletal biomineralization: patterns, processes and evolutionary trends, vol 1. Van
Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 471–530
Gemballa S, Bartsch P (2002) Architecture of the integument in lower teleostomes: functional
morphology and evolutionary implications. J Morphol 253:290–309. Copyright © 2002
Wiley- Liss, Inc. Reprinted with permission from John Wiley and Sons
Giraud MM, Castanet J, Meunier FJ et al (1978) The fi brous structure of coelacanth scales: a
twisted “plywood”. Tissue Cell 10:671–686
Goodrich ES (1907) On the scales of fi sh, living and extinct, and their importance in classifi cation.
Proc Zool Soc London 77(4):751–773
Green JL (2009) Enamel–reduction and orthodentine in Dicynodontia (Therapsida) and Xenarthra
(Mammalia): an evaluation of the potential ecological signal revealed by dental microwear.
ProQuest dissertations and theses, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, Raleigh
Gross W (1967) Über Thelodontier–Schuppen. Palaeontographica Abt A 127:1–67
Hay OP (1912) On an important species of Edestus: with description of a new species Edestus
mints . Proc US Natl Mus 42:31–38
Herold RC (1970) Vasodentine and mantle dentine in teleost fi sh teeth: a comparative microradiographic analysis. Arch Oral Biol 15(1):71–85
Hofer B (1889) Ueber den Bau und die Entwicklung der Cycloid und Ctenoidschuppen. Sitzber
Ges Morph Phys Munchen 6:103–118
Hu JC, Chun YH, Al Hazzazzi T et al (2007) Enamel formation and amelogenesis imperfecta. Cell
Tissue Organ 186(1):78–85
Huysseune A, Sire JY (1998) Evolution of patterns and processes in teeth and tooth–related tissues
in non–mammalian vertebrates. Eur J Oral Sci 106:437–481
Ishiyama M, Sasagawa I, Akai J (1984) The inorganic content of pleromin in tooth plates of the
living holocephalan, Chimaera phantasma , consists of a crystalline calcium phosphate known
as β–Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (Whitlockite). Arch Histol Jpn 47:89–94
4 Fish Scales as Mineral-Based Composites
Bendix-Almgreen SE, Bang BS (1997) Aspects of enameloid ontogeny in fossils and recent selachians with comments on enameloids and their occurrence during early lower vertebrate phylogeny. In: The fi rst European workshop on Vertebrate Palaeontology, Geological Museum,
Copenhagen University. Dansk geologisk Forening, on-line series no. 1, pp 1–5
Bertin L (1944) Modifi cations proposees dans la nomenclature des ecailles et des nageoires. Bull
Soc Zool Fr 69:198–202
Borgen UJ (1989) Cosmine resorption structures on three osteolepid jaws and their biological
signifi cance. Lethaia 22:413–424
Borgen UJ (1992) The function of the cosmine pore canal system. In: Mark–Kurik E (ed) Fossil
fi shes as living animals. Academy of Sciences of Estonia, Tallinn, pp 141–150
Chen PY, Schirer J, Simpson A et al (2011) Predation versus protection: fi sh teeth and scales
evaluated by nanoindentation. J Mater Res 26:1–12
Currey JD, Abeysekera RM (2003) The microhardness and fracture surface of the petrodentine of
Lepidosiren (Dipnoi), and of other mineralised tissues. Arch Oral Biol 48:439–447
Daget J, Gayet M, Jeunier FJ et al (2001) Major discoveries on the dermal skeleton of fossil and
recent polypteriformes: a review. Fish Fish 2(2):113–124
Dapar MLG, Torres MAJ, Fabricante PC et al (2012) Scale morphology of the Indian goatfi sh,
Parupeneus indicus (Shaw, 1803) (Perciformes: Mullidae). Adv Environ Biol 6(4):1426–1432
Denison RH (1974) The structure and evolution of teeth in lungfi shes. Fieldiana (Geology) 33:31–58
Dias EV, Vega CS, Canhete MVU (2010) Microstructure of paleoniscid fi sh scales from Irati
Formation, Permian (Cisuralian) of Paraná Basin. Braz J Geosci 6(2):69–75
Donoghue P, Sansom I, Downs J (2006) Early evolution of vertebrate skeletal tissues and cellular
interactions, and the canalization of skeletal development. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol
306B:278–294
Enax J, Prymak O, Raabe D et al (2012) Structure, composition, and mechanical properties of
shark teeth. J Struct Biol 178(3):290–299
Francillon-Vieillot H, de Buffrénil V, Castanet J, Géraudie J, Meunier FJ, Sire JY, Zylberberg L, de
Ricqlès A (1990) Microstructure and mineralization of vertebrate skeletal tissues. In: Carter JG
(ed) Skeletal biomineralization: patterns, processes and evolutionary trends, vol 1. Van
Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 471–530
Gemballa S, Bartsch P (2002) Architecture of the integument in lower teleostomes: functional
morphology and evolutionary implications. J Morphol 253:290–309. Copyright © 2002
Wiley- Liss, Inc. Reprinted with permission from John Wiley and Sons
Giraud MM, Castanet J, Meunier FJ et al (1978) The fi brous structure of coelacanth scales: a
twisted “plywood”. Tissue Cell 10:671–686
Goodrich ES (1907) On the scales of fi sh, living and extinct, and their importance in classifi cation.
Proc Zool Soc London 77(4):751–773
Green JL (2009) Enamel–reduction and orthodentine in Dicynodontia (Therapsida) and Xenarthra
(Mammalia): an evaluation of the potential ecological signal revealed by dental microwear.
ProQuest dissertations and theses, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, Raleigh
Gross W (1967) Über Thelodontier–Schuppen. Palaeontographica Abt A 127:1–67
Hay OP (1912) On an important species of Edestus: with description of a new species Edestus
mints . Proc US Natl Mus 42:31–38
Herold RC (1970) Vasodentine and mantle dentine in teleost fi sh teeth: a comparative microradiographic analysis. Arch Oral Biol 15(1):71–85
Hofer B (1889) Ueber den Bau und die Entwicklung der Cycloid und Ctenoidschuppen. Sitzber
Ges Morph Phys Munchen 6:103–118
Hu JC, Chun YH, Al Hazzazzi T et al (2007) Enamel formation and amelogenesis imperfecta. Cell
Tissue Organ 186(1):78–85
Huysseune A, Sire JY (1998) Evolution of patterns and processes in teeth and tooth–related tissues
in non–mammalian vertebrates. Eur J Oral Sci 106:437–481
Ishiyama M, Sasagawa I, Akai J (1984) The inorganic content of pleromin in tooth plates of the
living holocephalan, Chimaera phantasma , consists of a crystalline calcium phosphate known
as β–Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (Whitlockite). Arch Histol Jpn 47:89–94
4 Fish Scales as Mineral-Based Composites