172
F. Raible and P.R.H. Steinmetz
Arendt D (2004) Comparative aspects of gastrulation. In: Stern C (ed) Gastrulation, edn. Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold SPring Harbor, New York
Arendt D (2005) Genes and homology in nervous system evolution: comparing gene functions,
expression patterns, and cell type molecular fingerprints. Theory Biosci 124: 185–197
Arendt D (2008) The evolution of cell types in animals: emerging principles from molecular
studies. Nat Rev Genet 9: 868–882
Arendt D, Nübler-Jung K (1997) Dorsal or ventral: similarities in fate maps and gastrulation
patterns in annelids, arthropods and chordates. Mech Dev 61: 7–21
Bell G (1997) Size and complexity among multicellular organisms. Biol J Linnean Soc 60:
345–363
Bijlsma MF et al (2004) Hedgehog: an unusual signal transducer. Bioessays 26: 387–394
Bonner JT. (1988) The evolution of complexity. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
Borchiellini C et al (2004) Molecular phylogeny of demospongiae: implications for classification
and scenarios of character evolution. Mol Phylogenet Evol 32: 823–837
Borchiellini C et al (2001) Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa. J Evol Biol 14: 171–179
Boue S et al (2003) Alternative splicing and evolution. Bioessays 25: 1031–1034
Brett D et al (2002) Alternative splicing and genome complexity. Nat Genet 30: 29–30
Brites D et al (2008) The Dscam homologue of the crustacean Daphnia is diversified by alternative
splicing like in insects. Mol Biol Evol 25: 1429–1439
Brooke NM et al (1998) The ParaHox gene cluster is an evolutionary sister of the Hox gene cluster.
Nature 392: 920–922
Brusca RC, Brusca GJ. (2003) Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates. Sunderland, Massachusetts.
http://www.sinauer.com/detail.php?id=0973
Bullock TH, Horridge GA (1965) Structure and function in the nervous system of invertebrates.
San Francisco: Freeman
Burton PM (2007) Inisghts from diploblasts; the evolution of mesoderm and muscle. J Exp Zool
(Mol Dev Evol) 308B: 1–10
Bütschli O. (1883–1887) Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs. Winter, C. F., Leipzig
Calarco JA et al (2007) Global analysis of alternative splicing differences between humans and
chimpanzees. Genes Dev 21: 2963–2975
Callaerts P et al (1997) PAX-6 in development and evolution. Ann Rev Neurosci 20: 483–532
Cañestro C et al (2007) Evolutionary developmental biology and genomics. Nat Rev Genet 8:
932–942
Carr M et al (2008) Molecular phylogeny of choanoflagellates, the sister group to Metazoa. PNAS
105: 16641–16646
Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis C (2005) Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and
comparison with the human genome. Nature 437: 69–87
Chourrout D et al (2006) Minimal ProtoHox cluster inferred from bilaterian and cnidarian Hox
complements. Nature 442: 684–687
Clark H (1866) Note on the infusoria flagellate and the spongiae ciliatae. Am J Sci 1: 113–114
Clark H (1868) On the Spongiae ciliatae as Infusoria flagellata, or observations on the structure, animality and relationship of Leucosolenia botryoides Bowerbank. Ann Mag Nat Hist 4:
133–142, 188–215, 250–264
Claverie JM (2001) Gene number. What if there are only 30,000 human genes? Science 291:
1255–1257
Collins AG (1998) Evaluating multiple alternative hypotheses for the origin of Bilateria: an
analysis of 18S rRNA molecular evidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 15458–15463
Collins AG (2002) Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the evolution of cnidarian life cycles. J Evol Biol
15: 418–432
da Silva FB et al (2007) Phylogenetic position of Placozoa based on large subunit (LSU) and small
subunit (SSU) rRNA genes. Genet Mol Biol 30: 127–132
de Jong DM et al (2006) Components of both major axial patterning systems of the Bilateria are
differentially expressed along the primary axis of a ‘radiate’ animal, the anthozoan cnidarian
Acropora millepora. Dev Biol 298: 632–643
F. Raible and P.R.H. Steinmetz
Arendt D (2004) Comparative aspects of gastrulation. In: Stern C (ed) Gastrulation, edn. Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold SPring Harbor, New York
Arendt D (2005) Genes and homology in nervous system evolution: comparing gene functions,
expression patterns, and cell type molecular fingerprints. Theory Biosci 124: 185–197
Arendt D (2008) The evolution of cell types in animals: emerging principles from molecular
studies. Nat Rev Genet 9: 868–882
Arendt D, Nübler-Jung K (1997) Dorsal or ventral: similarities in fate maps and gastrulation
patterns in annelids, arthropods and chordates. Mech Dev 61: 7–21
Bell G (1997) Size and complexity among multicellular organisms. Biol J Linnean Soc 60:
345–363
Bijlsma MF et al (2004) Hedgehog: an unusual signal transducer. Bioessays 26: 387–394
Bonner JT. (1988) The evolution of complexity. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
Borchiellini C et al (2004) Molecular phylogeny of demospongiae: implications for classification
and scenarios of character evolution. Mol Phylogenet Evol 32: 823–837
Borchiellini C et al (2001) Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa. J Evol Biol 14: 171–179
Boue S et al (2003) Alternative splicing and evolution. Bioessays 25: 1031–1034
Brett D et al (2002) Alternative splicing and genome complexity. Nat Genet 30: 29–30
Brites D et al (2008) The Dscam homologue of the crustacean Daphnia is diversified by alternative
splicing like in insects. Mol Biol Evol 25: 1429–1439
Brooke NM et al (1998) The ParaHox gene cluster is an evolutionary sister of the Hox gene cluster.
Nature 392: 920–922
Brusca RC, Brusca GJ. (2003) Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates. Sunderland, Massachusetts.
http://www.sinauer.com/detail.php?id=0973
Bullock TH, Horridge GA (1965) Structure and function in the nervous system of invertebrates.
San Francisco: Freeman
Burton PM (2007) Inisghts from diploblasts; the evolution of mesoderm and muscle. J Exp Zool
(Mol Dev Evol) 308B: 1–10
Bütschli O. (1883–1887) Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs. Winter, C. F., Leipzig
Calarco JA et al (2007) Global analysis of alternative splicing differences between humans and
chimpanzees. Genes Dev 21: 2963–2975
Callaerts P et al (1997) PAX-6 in development and evolution. Ann Rev Neurosci 20: 483–532
Cañestro C et al (2007) Evolutionary developmental biology and genomics. Nat Rev Genet 8:
932–942
Carr M et al (2008) Molecular phylogeny of choanoflagellates, the sister group to Metazoa. PNAS
105: 16641–16646
Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis C (2005) Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and
comparison with the human genome. Nature 437: 69–87
Chourrout D et al (2006) Minimal ProtoHox cluster inferred from bilaterian and cnidarian Hox
complements. Nature 442: 684–687
Clark H (1866) Note on the infusoria flagellate and the spongiae ciliatae. Am J Sci 1: 113–114
Clark H (1868) On the Spongiae ciliatae as Infusoria flagellata, or observations on the structure, animality and relationship of Leucosolenia botryoides Bowerbank. Ann Mag Nat Hist 4:
133–142, 188–215, 250–264
Claverie JM (2001) Gene number. What if there are only 30,000 human genes? Science 291:
1255–1257
Collins AG (1998) Evaluating multiple alternative hypotheses for the origin of Bilateria: an
analysis of 18S rRNA molecular evidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 15458–15463
Collins AG (2002) Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the evolution of cnidarian life cycles. J Evol Biol
15: 418–432
da Silva FB et al (2007) Phylogenetic position of Placozoa based on large subunit (LSU) and small
subunit (SSU) rRNA genes. Genet Mol Biol 30: 127–132
de Jong DM et al (2006) Components of both major axial patterning systems of the Bilateria are
differentially expressed along the primary axis of a ‘radiate’ animal, the anthozoan cnidarian
Acropora millepora. Dev Biol 298: 632–643