Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, Kelley M, Chang MS, L€ uthy R, Nguyen HQ, Wooden S,
Bennett L, Boone T, Shimamoto G, DeRose M, Elliott R, Colombero A, Tan HL, Trail G,
Sullivan J, Davy E, Bucay N, Renshaw-Gegg L, Hughes TM, Hill D, Pattison W, Campbell P,
Sander S, Van G, Tarpley J, Derby P, Lee R, Boyle WJ (1997) Osteoprotegerin: a novel
secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell 89:309–319
Singer A, Grauer A (2010) Denosumab for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Postgrad Med 122:176–187
Spector TD, Calomme MR, Anderson SH, Clement G, Bevan L, Demeester N, Swaminathan R,
Jugdaohsingh R, Berghe DA, Powell JJ (2008) Choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid supplementation as an adjunct to calcium/vitamin D3 stimulates markers of bone formation in osteopenic
females: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 9:85
Sripanyakorn S, Jugdaohsingh R, Elliott H, Walker C, Mehta P, Shoukru S, Thompson RPH,
Powell JJ (2004) The silicon content of beer and its bioavailability in healthy volunteers. Brit
J Nutr 91:403–409
Sripanyakorn S, Jugdaohsingh R, Dissayabutr W, Anderson SH, Thompson RP, Powell JJ (2009)
The comparative absorption of silicon from different foods and food supplements. Br J Nutr
102:825–834
Stein GS, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Montecino M, Javed A, Zaidi SK, Young DW,
Choi J-Y, Pockwinse SM (2004) Runx2 control of organization, assembly and activity of the
regulatory machinery for skeletal gene expression. Oncogene 23:4315–4329
Suda T, Takahashi N, Udagawa N, Jimi E, Gillespie MT, Martin TJ (1999) Modulation of
osteoclast differentiation and function by the new members of the tumor necrosis factor
receptor and ligand families. Endocr Rev 20:345–357
Tahir MN, The ´ato P, M€ uller WEG, Schr€ oder HC, Janshoff A, Zhang J, Huth J, Tremel W (2004)
Monitoring the formation of biosilica catalysed by histidin-tagged silicatein. Chem Commun
24:2848–2849
Tanaka H, Nagai E, Murata H, Tsubone T, Shirakura Y, Sugiyama T, Taguchi T, Kawai S (2001)
Involvement of bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) in the pathological ossification process
of the spinal ligament. Rheumatology 40:1163–1168
Tang BM, Eslick GD, Nowson C, Smith C, Bensoussan A (2007) Use of calcium or calcium in
combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged
50 years and older: a meta-analysis. Lancet 370:657–666
Taranta A, Brama M, Teti A, De luca V, Scandurra R, Spera G, Agnusdei D, Termine JD,
Migliaccio S (2002) The selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene regulates osteoclast
and osteoblast activity in vitro. Bone 30:368–376
Teitelbaum SL (2000) Bone resorption by osteoclasts. Science 289:1504–1508
Thamatrakoln K, Alverson AJ, Hildebrand M (2006) Comparative sequence analysis of diatom
silicon transporters: towards a mechanistic model of silicon transport. J Phycol 42:822–834
Wada T, Nakashima T, Hiroshi N, Penninger JM (2006) RANKL-RANK signaling in osteoclastogenesis and bone disease. Trends Mol Med 12:17–25
Wang JC, Hemavathy K, Charles W, Zhang H, Dua PK, Novetsky AD, Chang T, Wong C,
Jabara M (2004) Osteosclerosis in idiopathic myelofibrosis is related to the overproduction
of osteoprotegerin (OPG). Exp Hematol 32:905–910
Wang XH, Hu S, Gan L, Wiens M, M€ uller WEG (2010) Sponges (Porifera) as living metazoan
witnesses from the neoproterozoic: biomineralization and the concept of their evolutionary
success. Terra Nova 22:1–11
Weiner S, Traub W (1992) Bone structure: from angstroms to microns. FASEB J 6:879–885
Wetzel P, Hasse A, Papadopoulos S, Voipio J, Kaila K, Gros G (2001) Extracellular carbonic
anhydrase activity facilitates lactic acid transport in rat skeletal muscle fibres. J Physiol
531:743–756
Wiens M, Belikov SI, Kaluzhnaya OV, Krasko A, Schr€ oder HC, Perovic-Ottstadt S, M€ uller WEG
(2006) Molecular control of serial module formation along the apical-basal axis in the sponge
10 Biosilica-Based Strategies for Treatment of Osteoporosis and Other Bone Diseases
311
Bennett L, Boone T, Shimamoto G, DeRose M, Elliott R, Colombero A, Tan HL, Trail G,
Sullivan J, Davy E, Bucay N, Renshaw-Gegg L, Hughes TM, Hill D, Pattison W, Campbell P,
Sander S, Van G, Tarpley J, Derby P, Lee R, Boyle WJ (1997) Osteoprotegerin: a novel
secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell 89:309–319
Singer A, Grauer A (2010) Denosumab for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Postgrad Med 122:176–187
Spector TD, Calomme MR, Anderson SH, Clement G, Bevan L, Demeester N, Swaminathan R,
Jugdaohsingh R, Berghe DA, Powell JJ (2008) Choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid supplementation as an adjunct to calcium/vitamin D3 stimulates markers of bone formation in osteopenic
females: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 9:85
Sripanyakorn S, Jugdaohsingh R, Elliott H, Walker C, Mehta P, Shoukru S, Thompson RPH,
Powell JJ (2004) The silicon content of beer and its bioavailability in healthy volunteers. Brit
J Nutr 91:403–409
Sripanyakorn S, Jugdaohsingh R, Dissayabutr W, Anderson SH, Thompson RP, Powell JJ (2009)
The comparative absorption of silicon from different foods and food supplements. Br J Nutr
102:825–834
Stein GS, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Montecino M, Javed A, Zaidi SK, Young DW,
Choi J-Y, Pockwinse SM (2004) Runx2 control of organization, assembly and activity of the
regulatory machinery for skeletal gene expression. Oncogene 23:4315–4329
Suda T, Takahashi N, Udagawa N, Jimi E, Gillespie MT, Martin TJ (1999) Modulation of
osteoclast differentiation and function by the new members of the tumor necrosis factor
receptor and ligand families. Endocr Rev 20:345–357
Tahir MN, The ´ato P, M€ uller WEG, Schr€ oder HC, Janshoff A, Zhang J, Huth J, Tremel W (2004)
Monitoring the formation of biosilica catalysed by histidin-tagged silicatein. Chem Commun
24:2848–2849
Tanaka H, Nagai E, Murata H, Tsubone T, Shirakura Y, Sugiyama T, Taguchi T, Kawai S (2001)
Involvement of bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) in the pathological ossification process
of the spinal ligament. Rheumatology 40:1163–1168
Tang BM, Eslick GD, Nowson C, Smith C, Bensoussan A (2007) Use of calcium or calcium in
combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged
50 years and older: a meta-analysis. Lancet 370:657–666
Taranta A, Brama M, Teti A, De luca V, Scandurra R, Spera G, Agnusdei D, Termine JD,
Migliaccio S (2002) The selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene regulates osteoclast
and osteoblast activity in vitro. Bone 30:368–376
Teitelbaum SL (2000) Bone resorption by osteoclasts. Science 289:1504–1508
Thamatrakoln K, Alverson AJ, Hildebrand M (2006) Comparative sequence analysis of diatom
silicon transporters: towards a mechanistic model of silicon transport. J Phycol 42:822–834
Wada T, Nakashima T, Hiroshi N, Penninger JM (2006) RANKL-RANK signaling in osteoclastogenesis and bone disease. Trends Mol Med 12:17–25
Wang JC, Hemavathy K, Charles W, Zhang H, Dua PK, Novetsky AD, Chang T, Wong C,
Jabara M (2004) Osteosclerosis in idiopathic myelofibrosis is related to the overproduction
of osteoprotegerin (OPG). Exp Hematol 32:905–910
Wang XH, Hu S, Gan L, Wiens M, M€ uller WEG (2010) Sponges (Porifera) as living metazoan
witnesses from the neoproterozoic: biomineralization and the concept of their evolutionary
success. Terra Nova 22:1–11
Weiner S, Traub W (1992) Bone structure: from angstroms to microns. FASEB J 6:879–885
Wetzel P, Hasse A, Papadopoulos S, Voipio J, Kaila K, Gros G (2001) Extracellular carbonic
anhydrase activity facilitates lactic acid transport in rat skeletal muscle fibres. J Physiol
531:743–756
Wiens M, Belikov SI, Kaluzhnaya OV, Krasko A, Schr€ oder HC, Perovic-Ottstadt S, M€ uller WEG
(2006) Molecular control of serial module formation along the apical-basal axis in the sponge
10 Biosilica-Based Strategies for Treatment of Osteoporosis and Other Bone Diseases
311