a variety of cells, including neuronal cells, encapsulated and grown in threedimensional peptide scaffolds, show interesting functional cellular behaviors,
including proliferation, functional differentiation, active migration, and extensive
production of their own extracellular matrices.
The chapter provides some basic information on the formation principles of
calcium carbonate in biological systems in marine environment in the point of view
of materials science in order to provide strategy for biomimetic design and preparation of new functional materials. In spite of intensive studies on the structure–function relation of the biological materials, and simulations on the biological
processes of biomineralization, there are still so many questions that remain
unanswered. As a consequence, we have to study carefully the biological systems
and understand further their formation mechanisms.
Acknowledgments The author is grateful to the financial support of the National Basic Research
Program of China (No. 2007CB815604) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(51072090, 51061130554).
References
Addadi L, Weiner S (1985) Interactions between acidic proteins and crystals: stereochemical
requirements in biomineralization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:4110–4114
Aizenberg J, Tkachenko A, Weiner S et al (2001) Calcitic microlenses as part of the photoreceptor
system in brittlestars. Nature 412:819–822
Ameye L, De Becker G, Killian C, Wilt F, Kemps R, Kuypers S, Dubois P (2001) Proteins and
saccharides of the sea urchin organic matrix of mineralization: characterization and localization in the spine skeleton. J Struct Biol 134:56–66
Bedouet L, Schuller MJ, Marin F, Milet C, Lopez E, Giraud M (2001) Soluble proteins of the nacre
of the giant oyster Pinctada maxima and of the abalone Haliotis tuberculata: extraction and
partial analysis of nacre proteins. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 128:389–400
Belcher AM, Wu XH, Christensen RJ, Hansma PK, Stucky GD, Morse DE (1996) Control of
crystal phase switching and orientation by soluble mollusc-shell proteins. Nature 381:56–58
Bradt JH, Mertig M, Teresiak A, Pompe W (1999) Biomimetic mineralization of collagen by
combined fibril assembly and calcium phosphate formation. Chem Mater 11:2694–2701
Campana SE, Neilson JD (1985) Microstructure of fish otoliths. Can J Fish Aquat Sci
42:1014–1032
Choi CS, Kim YW (2000) A study of the correlation between organic matrices and nanocomposite
materials in oyster shell formation. Biomaterials 21:213–222
Cui FZ, Ge J (2007) New observations of the hierarchical structure of human enamel, from
nanoscale to microscale. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 1:185–191
Cui FZ, Li Y, Ge J (2007) Self-assembly of mineralized collagen composites. Mater Sci Eng R 57
(1–6):1–27
Cuy JL, Mann AB, Livi KJ, Teaford MF, Weihs TP (2002) Nanoindentation mapping of the
mechanical properties of human molar tooth enamel. Arch Oral Biol 47:281–291
Davis ME (2004) How life makes hard stuff. Science 305:480–481
de Leeuw NH, Parker SC (1997) Atomistic simulation of the effect of molecular adsorption of
water on the surface structure and energies of calcite surfaces. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans
93:467–475
6 Principles of Calcium-Based Biomineralization
193
including proliferation, functional differentiation, active migration, and extensive
production of their own extracellular matrices.
The chapter provides some basic information on the formation principles of
calcium carbonate in biological systems in marine environment in the point of view
of materials science in order to provide strategy for biomimetic design and preparation of new functional materials. In spite of intensive studies on the structure–function relation of the biological materials, and simulations on the biological
processes of biomineralization, there are still so many questions that remain
unanswered. As a consequence, we have to study carefully the biological systems
and understand further their formation mechanisms.
Acknowledgments The author is grateful to the financial support of the National Basic Research
Program of China (No. 2007CB815604) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(51072090, 51061130554).
References
Addadi L, Weiner S (1985) Interactions between acidic proteins and crystals: stereochemical
requirements in biomineralization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:4110–4114
Aizenberg J, Tkachenko A, Weiner S et al (2001) Calcitic microlenses as part of the photoreceptor
system in brittlestars. Nature 412:819–822
Ameye L, De Becker G, Killian C, Wilt F, Kemps R, Kuypers S, Dubois P (2001) Proteins and
saccharides of the sea urchin organic matrix of mineralization: characterization and localization in the spine skeleton. J Struct Biol 134:56–66
Bedouet L, Schuller MJ, Marin F, Milet C, Lopez E, Giraud M (2001) Soluble proteins of the nacre
of the giant oyster Pinctada maxima and of the abalone Haliotis tuberculata: extraction and
partial analysis of nacre proteins. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 128:389–400
Belcher AM, Wu XH, Christensen RJ, Hansma PK, Stucky GD, Morse DE (1996) Control of
crystal phase switching and orientation by soluble mollusc-shell proteins. Nature 381:56–58
Bradt JH, Mertig M, Teresiak A, Pompe W (1999) Biomimetic mineralization of collagen by
combined fibril assembly and calcium phosphate formation. Chem Mater 11:2694–2701
Campana SE, Neilson JD (1985) Microstructure of fish otoliths. Can J Fish Aquat Sci
42:1014–1032
Choi CS, Kim YW (2000) A study of the correlation between organic matrices and nanocomposite
materials in oyster shell formation. Biomaterials 21:213–222
Cui FZ, Ge J (2007) New observations of the hierarchical structure of human enamel, from
nanoscale to microscale. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 1:185–191
Cui FZ, Li Y, Ge J (2007) Self-assembly of mineralized collagen composites. Mater Sci Eng R 57
(1–6):1–27
Cuy JL, Mann AB, Livi KJ, Teaford MF, Weihs TP (2002) Nanoindentation mapping of the
mechanical properties of human molar tooth enamel. Arch Oral Biol 47:281–291
Davis ME (2004) How life makes hard stuff. Science 305:480–481
de Leeuw NH, Parker SC (1997) Atomistic simulation of the effect of molecular adsorption of
water on the surface structure and energies of calcite surfaces. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans
93:467–475
6 Principles of Calcium-Based Biomineralization
193