environment, the chemistry of the soil (rich in ironmagnesium minerals or rich in carbonate), redox potential,
amount of organic matter, salinity, pH, and amount of
dissolved oxygen. Finally, there are biotic components
of importance – bacteria, flora, and fauna – in the wetland
that are influenced by the hydrological and the physicochemical characteristics. These organisms in turn modify
the abiotic conditions of the environment by their activities (feeding, burrowing, excretion). The fluxes that occur
between the biota and habitat make wetlands some of the
most productive environments on Earth. The downside is
that over 70 % of the human population of the world lives
on or near coastlines, which places the greatest pressure on
coastal wetlands. More information must be disseminated
on the many services provided by wetlands to humans
inhabiting the coastal zone.
Bibliography
Beilfuss, R. D., and Barzen, J. A., 1994. Hydrological wetland restoration in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. In Mitsch, W. J. (ed.),
Global Wetlands: Old World and New. Amsterdam: Elsevier,
pp. 453–468.
Chambers, J. M., and McComb, A. J., 1994. Establishment of wetland ecosystems in lakes created by mining in Western Australia.
In Mitsch, W. J. (ed.), Global Wetlands: Old World and New.
Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 431–441.
CONABIO, 2009. Manglares de Me ´xico: Extensión y Distribución.
Mexico: Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la
Biodiversidad.
Denny, P., 1993. Wetlands of Africa: introduction. In Whigham,
D. F., Dykyjová, D., and Hejny, S. (eds.), Wetlands of the World
I: Inventory, Ecology and Management. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 1–31.
Domínguez-Cadena, R., León-de-la-Luz, J. L., and RiosmenaRodríguez, R., 2011. Análisis de la influencia de las condiciones
micro-topográficas del sustrato en la estructura del manglar en el
Golfo de California. In Félix-Pico, E. F., Serviere-Zaragoza, E.,
Riosmena-Rodríguez, R., and León-de-la-Luz, J. L. (eds.), Los
Manglares de la Penı ´nsula de Baja California. Mexico:
CICIMAR-CIB-UABCS, pp. 29–64.
Dugan, P., 1993. Wetlands in Danger. London: Reed International
Books.
Fleischer, S., Gustafson, A., Joelsson, A., Johansson, C., and Stibe,
L., 1994. Restoration of wetlands to counteract coastal eutrophication in Sweden. In Mitsch, W. J. (ed.), Global Wetlands: Old
World and New. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 901–907.
Hamilton, S. K., Sippel, S. J., and Melack, J. M., 1996. Inundation
patterns in Pantanal wetland of South America determined from
passive microwave remote sensing. Archiv für Hydrobiologie,
137, 1–23.
Hanby, J., and Bygott, D., 1998. Ngorongoro Conservation Area.
Karatu: Kibuyu Partners.
Hogarth, P. J., 2007. The Biology of Mangroves and Seagrasses.
New York: Oxford University Press.
IUCN, 1993. The Wetlands of Central and Eastern Europe. Gland/
Cambridge, UK: IUCN.
Junk, W. J., 1993. Wetlands of tropical South America. In
Whigham, D. E., Dykyjová, D., and Hejny, S. (eds.), Wetlands
of the World, I: Inventory, Ecology and Management. Dordrecht:
Academic Press, pp. 679–739.
Kessler, E., and Jansson, M. (eds.), 1994. Wetlands and Lakes
as Nitrogen Traps. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,
Stockholm. Special Issue of Ambio, 23, 319–386.
Lu, J., 1990. Wetlands in China. Shanghai: East China Normal
University.
Ma, S., and Yan, J., 1989. Ecological engineering for treatment
and utilization of wastewater. In Mitsch, W. J., and Jorgensen,
S. E. (eds.), Ecological Engineering: An Introduction to
Ecotechnology. New York: Wiley, pp. 185–218.
Maltby, E., 1986. Waterlogged Wealth: Why Waste the World’s Best
Wet Places? Washington, DC: Earthscan Publications.
McComb, A. J., and Lake, P. S., 1990. Australian Wetlands.
London: Angus and Robertson.
McCoy, M. B., and Rodriguez, J. M., 1994. Cattail (Typha
domingensis) eradication methods in the restoration of the tropical seasonal freshwater marsh. In Mitsch, W. J. (ed.), Global
Wetlands: Old World and New. Amsterdam: Elsevier,
pp. 469–482.
Mesléard, P., Grillas, L., and Ham, T., 1995. Restoration of seasonally flooded marshes in abandoned ricefields in the Camargue
(southern France): preliminary results on vegetation and use by
ducks. Ecological Engineering, 5, 95–106.
Mitsch, W. J., and Gosselink, J. G., 2000. Wetlands, 3rd edn. New
York: Wiley.
Parish, D., and Elliot, C., 1990. Foreword. In Lu, J. (ed.), Wetlands
in China. Shanghai: East China Normal University.
Perillo, G. M. E. (ed.), 1996. Geomorphology and Sedimentology of
Estuaries. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Perillo, G. M. E., Wolanski, E., Cahoon, D. R., and Brinson, M. M.
(eds.), 2009. Coastal Wetlands: An Integrated Ecosystem
Approach. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Por, F. D., 1995. The Pantanal of Mato Grosso (Brazil). Dordrecht:
Kluwer Academic Press.
Schwartz, M. L. (ed.), 2005. Encyclopedia of Coastal Science.
Dordrecht: Springer.
Shiel, R. J., 1994. Death and life of the billabong. In Collier,
X. (ed.), Restoration of Aquatic Habitats. Selected Papers from
New Zealand Limnological Society 1993 Annual Conference.
Department of Conservation, pp. 19–37.
water.epa.gov – United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Wolff, W. J., 1993. Netherlands: wetlands. In Best, E. P. H., and
Bakker, J. P. (eds.), Netherlands: Wetlands. Dordrecht: Kluwer
Academic Publishers, pp. 1–14.
www.ramsar.org – Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance.
Cross-references
Anaerobic Environments
Anoxia, Hypoxia, and Dead Zones
Coastal Wetlands
Eutrophication
Mangroves
Wetlands Reclamation
WETLANDS RECLAMATION
Aysun Koroglu
Coastal Sciences and Civil Engineering Department,
Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
Synonyms
Wetland rehabilitation; Wetland renewal; Wetland
restoration
WETLANDS RECLAMATION
741
amount of organic matter, salinity, pH, and amount of
dissolved oxygen. Finally, there are biotic components
of importance – bacteria, flora, and fauna – in the wetland
that are influenced by the hydrological and the physicochemical characteristics. These organisms in turn modify
the abiotic conditions of the environment by their activities (feeding, burrowing, excretion). The fluxes that occur
between the biota and habitat make wetlands some of the
most productive environments on Earth. The downside is
that over 70 % of the human population of the world lives
on or near coastlines, which places the greatest pressure on
coastal wetlands. More information must be disseminated
on the many services provided by wetlands to humans
inhabiting the coastal zone.
Bibliography
Beilfuss, R. D., and Barzen, J. A., 1994. Hydrological wetland restoration in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. In Mitsch, W. J. (ed.),
Global Wetlands: Old World and New. Amsterdam: Elsevier,
pp. 453–468.
Chambers, J. M., and McComb, A. J., 1994. Establishment of wetland ecosystems in lakes created by mining in Western Australia.
In Mitsch, W. J. (ed.), Global Wetlands: Old World and New.
Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 431–441.
CONABIO, 2009. Manglares de Me ´xico: Extensión y Distribución.
Mexico: Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la
Biodiversidad.
Denny, P., 1993. Wetlands of Africa: introduction. In Whigham,
D. F., Dykyjová, D., and Hejny, S. (eds.), Wetlands of the World
I: Inventory, Ecology and Management. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 1–31.
Domínguez-Cadena, R., León-de-la-Luz, J. L., and RiosmenaRodríguez, R., 2011. Análisis de la influencia de las condiciones
micro-topográficas del sustrato en la estructura del manglar en el
Golfo de California. In Félix-Pico, E. F., Serviere-Zaragoza, E.,
Riosmena-Rodríguez, R., and León-de-la-Luz, J. L. (eds.), Los
Manglares de la Penı ´nsula de Baja California. Mexico:
CICIMAR-CIB-UABCS, pp. 29–64.
Dugan, P., 1993. Wetlands in Danger. London: Reed International
Books.
Fleischer, S., Gustafson, A., Joelsson, A., Johansson, C., and Stibe,
L., 1994. Restoration of wetlands to counteract coastal eutrophication in Sweden. In Mitsch, W. J. (ed.), Global Wetlands: Old
World and New. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 901–907.
Hamilton, S. K., Sippel, S. J., and Melack, J. M., 1996. Inundation
patterns in Pantanal wetland of South America determined from
passive microwave remote sensing. Archiv für Hydrobiologie,
137, 1–23.
Hanby, J., and Bygott, D., 1998. Ngorongoro Conservation Area.
Karatu: Kibuyu Partners.
Hogarth, P. J., 2007. The Biology of Mangroves and Seagrasses.
New York: Oxford University Press.
IUCN, 1993. The Wetlands of Central and Eastern Europe. Gland/
Cambridge, UK: IUCN.
Junk, W. J., 1993. Wetlands of tropical South America. In
Whigham, D. E., Dykyjová, D., and Hejny, S. (eds.), Wetlands
of the World, I: Inventory, Ecology and Management. Dordrecht:
Academic Press, pp. 679–739.
Kessler, E., and Jansson, M. (eds.), 1994. Wetlands and Lakes
as Nitrogen Traps. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,
Stockholm. Special Issue of Ambio, 23, 319–386.
Lu, J., 1990. Wetlands in China. Shanghai: East China Normal
University.
Ma, S., and Yan, J., 1989. Ecological engineering for treatment
and utilization of wastewater. In Mitsch, W. J., and Jorgensen,
S. E. (eds.), Ecological Engineering: An Introduction to
Ecotechnology. New York: Wiley, pp. 185–218.
Maltby, E., 1986. Waterlogged Wealth: Why Waste the World’s Best
Wet Places? Washington, DC: Earthscan Publications.
McComb, A. J., and Lake, P. S., 1990. Australian Wetlands.
London: Angus and Robertson.
McCoy, M. B., and Rodriguez, J. M., 1994. Cattail (Typha
domingensis) eradication methods in the restoration of the tropical seasonal freshwater marsh. In Mitsch, W. J. (ed.), Global
Wetlands: Old World and New. Amsterdam: Elsevier,
pp. 469–482.
Mesléard, P., Grillas, L., and Ham, T., 1995. Restoration of seasonally flooded marshes in abandoned ricefields in the Camargue
(southern France): preliminary results on vegetation and use by
ducks. Ecological Engineering, 5, 95–106.
Mitsch, W. J., and Gosselink, J. G., 2000. Wetlands, 3rd edn. New
York: Wiley.
Parish, D., and Elliot, C., 1990. Foreword. In Lu, J. (ed.), Wetlands
in China. Shanghai: East China Normal University.
Perillo, G. M. E. (ed.), 1996. Geomorphology and Sedimentology of
Estuaries. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Perillo, G. M. E., Wolanski, E., Cahoon, D. R., and Brinson, M. M.
(eds.), 2009. Coastal Wetlands: An Integrated Ecosystem
Approach. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Por, F. D., 1995. The Pantanal of Mato Grosso (Brazil). Dordrecht:
Kluwer Academic Press.
Schwartz, M. L. (ed.), 2005. Encyclopedia of Coastal Science.
Dordrecht: Springer.
Shiel, R. J., 1994. Death and life of the billabong. In Collier,
X. (ed.), Restoration of Aquatic Habitats. Selected Papers from
New Zealand Limnological Society 1993 Annual Conference.
Department of Conservation, pp. 19–37.
water.epa.gov – United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Wolff, W. J., 1993. Netherlands: wetlands. In Best, E. P. H., and
Bakker, J. P. (eds.), Netherlands: Wetlands. Dordrecht: Kluwer
Academic Publishers, pp. 1–14.
www.ramsar.org – Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance.
Cross-references
Anaerobic Environments
Anoxia, Hypoxia, and Dead Zones
Coastal Wetlands
Eutrophication
Mangroves
Wetlands Reclamation
WETLANDS RECLAMATION
Aysun Koroglu
Coastal Sciences and Civil Engineering Department,
Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
Synonyms
Wetland rehabilitation; Wetland renewal; Wetland
restoration
WETLANDS RECLAMATION
741