of human society. Altered hydrologic cycles due to
human-induced global warming have the great potential of modifying spatiotemporal distribution of water
resources. In addition, climate and hydrologic extremes
such as floods, droughts, typhoons, rainstorms, and so
on are occurring at greater frequency and intensity which
will cause increasing loss of human life, property, and the
environment. It is important to increase the understanding of climate change and the influence of human activities on climate change, which is of great relevance to
water resource management and also to the planning of
agricultural activities. Multidisciplinary research is necessary since climate change and associated hydrologic
variations are the result of many factors that require further study.
Bibliography
Alcamo, J., Döll, P., Henrichs, T., Kaspar, F., Lehner, B., and Rösch,
T., 2003. Development and testing of the WaterGAP 2 global
model of water use and availability. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 48(3), 317–337.
Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., and Smith, M., 1998. Crop
evapotranspiration – guidelines for computing crop water
requirements – FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. FAO,
1998. ISBN 92-5-104219-5.
American Meteorological Society, 2004. Statement on meteorological drought. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,
85, 771–773.
Arnell, N. W., 1999. Climate change and global water resources.
Global Environmental Change, 9, S31–S49.
Arnell, N. W., van Vuuren, D. P., and Isaac, M., 2011. The implications of climate policy for the impacts of climate change on
global water resources. Global Environmental Change, 21(2),
592–603.
Changnon, S. A., 1985. Research agenda for floods to solve policy
failure. Water Resources Planning and Management, 111(1),
1553–1563.
Davies, E. G. R., and Simonovic, S. P., 2011. Global water resources
modeling with an integrated model of the social-economicenvironmental system. Advances in Water Resources, 34,
684–700.
Dracup, J. A., Lee, K. S., and Paulson, E. G., Jr., 1980. On the
definition of droughts. Water Resources Research, 16(2),
297–302.
Haylock, M., and Nicholls, N., 2000. Trends in rainfall indices for
an updated high quality data set for Australia, 1910–1998.
International Journal of Climatology, 20, 1533–1541.
Hobbins, M. T., and Ramírez, J. A., 2004. Trends in pan evaporation
and actual evapotranspiration across the conterminous U.S.: Paradoxical or complementary? Geophysical Research Letters, 31,
doi:10.1029/2004GL019846.
IPCC, 1996. Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate
Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
IPCC, 2007. Climate change 2007. The physical science basis.
United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, Cambridge University Press.
Karl, T. R., 1998. Regional trends and variations of temperature and
precipitation. In Watson, R. T., Zyinyowera, M. C., and Moss,
R. H. (eds.), The Regional Impacts of Climate Change. An
Assessment of Vulnerability. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, pp. 411–437.
Koutroulis, G. A., Tsanis, K. L., Daliakopoulos, N. I., and Jacob, D.,
2013. Impact of climate change on water resources status: a case
study for Crete Island, Greece. Journal of Hydrology, 479,
146–158.
Kunkel, K. E., 2003. North American trends in extreme precipitation. Natural Hazards, 29, 291–305.
Livada, I., and Assimakopoulos, V. D., 2007. Spatial and temporal
analysis of drought in Greece using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Theoretical and Applied Climatology,
89, 143–153.
Menzel, L., and Bürger, G., 2002. Climate change scenarios and
runoff response in the Mulde catchment (Southern Elbe,
Germany). Journal of Hydrology, 267, 53–64.
Penman, H. L., 1948. Natural evaporation from open water, bare
soil and grass. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,
193, 120–145.
Penman, H. L., 1956. Evaporation: an introductory survey. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science, 4, 9–29.
Roderick, M. L., Farquhar, G. D., 2002. The cause of decreased pan
evaporation over the past 50 years. Science, 298(5597),
1410–1411.
Tsanis, I. K., Koutroulis, A. G., Daliakopoulos, I. N., and Jacob, D.,
2011. Severe climate induced water shortage and extremes in
Crete. Climate Change, 106(4), 667–677.
Wilhite, D. A., and Glantz, M. H., 1985. Understanding the drought
phenomenon: the role of definitions. Water International, 10(3),
111–120.
World Meteorological Organization, 1997. Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resources of the World. Geneva: World
Meteorological Organization.
World Meteorological Organization, 2003. Statement on the Status
of Global Climate in 2003. Publ. No. 966. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.
Xu, C.-Y., and Singh, V. P., 2005. Evaluation of three complementary relationship evapotranspiration models by water
balance approach to estimate actual evapotranspiration in
different climatic regions. Journal of Hydrology, 308,
105–121.
Xu, C.-Y., Gong, L., Jiang, T., Chen, D., and Singh, V. P., 2006.
Analysis of spatial distribution and temporal trend of reference evapotranspiration and pan evaporation in Changjiang
(Yangtze River) catchment. Journal of Hydrology, 327,
81–93.
Zhang, X., Hogg, W. D., and Mekis, F., 2001. Spatial and temporal
characteristics of heavy precipitation events over Canada. Journal of Climate, 14, 1923–1936.
Zhang, Q., Xu, C.-Y., Chen, X. H., and Zhang, Z. X., 2011a. Statistical behaviors of precipitation regimes in China and their links
with atmospheric circulation 1960–2005. International Journal
of Climatology, doi:10.1002/joc.2193.
Zhang, Q., Xu, C.-Y., Chen, Y. D., and Ren, L. L., 2011b. Comparison of evapotranspiration variations between the Yellow River
and Pearl River basin, China. Stochastic Environmental
Research and Risk Assessment, 25(2), 139–150.
Zolina, O., Simmer, C., Gulev, S. K., and Kollet, S., 2010. Changing
structure of European precipitation: longer wet periods leading
to more abundant rainfalls. Geophysical Research Letters, 37,
L06704.
Cross-references
Climate Change
Water Quality
WATER RESOURCES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
733
human-induced global warming have the great potential of modifying spatiotemporal distribution of water
resources. In addition, climate and hydrologic extremes
such as floods, droughts, typhoons, rainstorms, and so
on are occurring at greater frequency and intensity which
will cause increasing loss of human life, property, and the
environment. It is important to increase the understanding of climate change and the influence of human activities on climate change, which is of great relevance to
water resource management and also to the planning of
agricultural activities. Multidisciplinary research is necessary since climate change and associated hydrologic
variations are the result of many factors that require further study.
Bibliography
Alcamo, J., Döll, P., Henrichs, T., Kaspar, F., Lehner, B., and Rösch,
T., 2003. Development and testing of the WaterGAP 2 global
model of water use and availability. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 48(3), 317–337.
Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., and Smith, M., 1998. Crop
evapotranspiration – guidelines for computing crop water
requirements – FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. FAO,
1998. ISBN 92-5-104219-5.
American Meteorological Society, 2004. Statement on meteorological drought. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,
85, 771–773.
Arnell, N. W., 1999. Climate change and global water resources.
Global Environmental Change, 9, S31–S49.
Arnell, N. W., van Vuuren, D. P., and Isaac, M., 2011. The implications of climate policy for the impacts of climate change on
global water resources. Global Environmental Change, 21(2),
592–603.
Changnon, S. A., 1985. Research agenda for floods to solve policy
failure. Water Resources Planning and Management, 111(1),
1553–1563.
Davies, E. G. R., and Simonovic, S. P., 2011. Global water resources
modeling with an integrated model of the social-economicenvironmental system. Advances in Water Resources, 34,
684–700.
Dracup, J. A., Lee, K. S., and Paulson, E. G., Jr., 1980. On the
definition of droughts. Water Resources Research, 16(2),
297–302.
Haylock, M., and Nicholls, N., 2000. Trends in rainfall indices for
an updated high quality data set for Australia, 1910–1998.
International Journal of Climatology, 20, 1533–1541.
Hobbins, M. T., and Ramírez, J. A., 2004. Trends in pan evaporation
and actual evapotranspiration across the conterminous U.S.: Paradoxical or complementary? Geophysical Research Letters, 31,
doi:10.1029/2004GL019846.
IPCC, 1996. Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate
Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
IPCC, 2007. Climate change 2007. The physical science basis.
United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, Cambridge University Press.
Karl, T. R., 1998. Regional trends and variations of temperature and
precipitation. In Watson, R. T., Zyinyowera, M. C., and Moss,
R. H. (eds.), The Regional Impacts of Climate Change. An
Assessment of Vulnerability. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, pp. 411–437.
Koutroulis, G. A., Tsanis, K. L., Daliakopoulos, N. I., and Jacob, D.,
2013. Impact of climate change on water resources status: a case
study for Crete Island, Greece. Journal of Hydrology, 479,
146–158.
Kunkel, K. E., 2003. North American trends in extreme precipitation. Natural Hazards, 29, 291–305.
Livada, I., and Assimakopoulos, V. D., 2007. Spatial and temporal
analysis of drought in Greece using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Theoretical and Applied Climatology,
89, 143–153.
Menzel, L., and Bürger, G., 2002. Climate change scenarios and
runoff response in the Mulde catchment (Southern Elbe,
Germany). Journal of Hydrology, 267, 53–64.
Penman, H. L., 1948. Natural evaporation from open water, bare
soil and grass. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,
193, 120–145.
Penman, H. L., 1956. Evaporation: an introductory survey. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science, 4, 9–29.
Roderick, M. L., Farquhar, G. D., 2002. The cause of decreased pan
evaporation over the past 50 years. Science, 298(5597),
1410–1411.
Tsanis, I. K., Koutroulis, A. G., Daliakopoulos, I. N., and Jacob, D.,
2011. Severe climate induced water shortage and extremes in
Crete. Climate Change, 106(4), 667–677.
Wilhite, D. A., and Glantz, M. H., 1985. Understanding the drought
phenomenon: the role of definitions. Water International, 10(3),
111–120.
World Meteorological Organization, 1997. Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resources of the World. Geneva: World
Meteorological Organization.
World Meteorological Organization, 2003. Statement on the Status
of Global Climate in 2003. Publ. No. 966. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.
Xu, C.-Y., and Singh, V. P., 2005. Evaluation of three complementary relationship evapotranspiration models by water
balance approach to estimate actual evapotranspiration in
different climatic regions. Journal of Hydrology, 308,
105–121.
Xu, C.-Y., Gong, L., Jiang, T., Chen, D., and Singh, V. P., 2006.
Analysis of spatial distribution and temporal trend of reference evapotranspiration and pan evaporation in Changjiang
(Yangtze River) catchment. Journal of Hydrology, 327,
81–93.
Zhang, X., Hogg, W. D., and Mekis, F., 2001. Spatial and temporal
characteristics of heavy precipitation events over Canada. Journal of Climate, 14, 1923–1936.
Zhang, Q., Xu, C.-Y., Chen, X. H., and Zhang, Z. X., 2011a. Statistical behaviors of precipitation regimes in China and their links
with atmospheric circulation 1960–2005. International Journal
of Climatology, doi:10.1002/joc.2193.
Zhang, Q., Xu, C.-Y., Chen, Y. D., and Ren, L. L., 2011b. Comparison of evapotranspiration variations between the Yellow River
and Pearl River basin, China. Stochastic Environmental
Research and Risk Assessment, 25(2), 139–150.
Zolina, O., Simmer, C., Gulev, S. K., and Kollet, S., 2010. Changing
structure of European precipitation: longer wet periods leading
to more abundant rainfalls. Geophysical Research Letters, 37,
L06704.
Cross-references
Climate Change
Water Quality
WATER RESOURCES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
733