Effler, S. W., and Johnson, D., 1987. Calcium carbonate precipitation and turbidity measurements in Otisco Lake, New York.
Water Resources Bulletin, 23(1), 73–79.
Emmet, W. W., 1975. The Channels and Waters of the Upper
Salmon River Area, Idaho. USGS Professional Paper 870-A.,
115 p.
LeChevallier, M. W., and Norton, W. D., 1992. Examining relationship between particle counts and Giardia, Cryptosporidium and
turbidity. Journal of the American Water Works Association,
84(12), 54–60.
Strunk, N., 1992. Case studies of variations in suspended matter
transport in small catchments. Hydrobiologia, 235(6), 247–255.
Truhla, J. F., 1976. Determining suspended sediment loads from turbidity records. In Proceedings of the Third Federal Inter-Agency
Sedimentation Conference 1976, held at Denver, Colorado,
March 22–25, 1976. Water Resources Council, Sedimentation
Committee, pp. 7-65–7-74.
TYCHOPLANKTON
Lawrence Cahoon
Department of Biology & Marine Biology, University of
North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
Synonyms
“Tychopelagic” forms, in reference to diatoms (Hendey,
1964)
Definition
Hendey’s (1964) description of marine tychopelagic diatoms specified that these forms spend a major portion of
their life cycle attached to fixed substrata but become
planktonic after physical processes suspend them or tear
them loose from substrate. Hutchinson (1967), examining
freshwater forms, presented a broader definition of
tychoplankton, which included pseudoplankton (only
occasionally suspended in the water) and meroplankton
(spending a part of their life cycle in the plankton). Kuhn
et al. (1981) defined tychoplanktonic species as occupying
benthic niches but under certain conditions proliferating in
the plankton. The utility of distinguishing tychoplankton
includes studies of past conditions (paleoecology).
Taxonomy
Most published references to tychoplankton refer to diatoms that are typically found on the bottom or other solid
substrate and that enter the water column when physical
forces (waves, tidal currents) suspend them. Owing to
the difficulty of distinguishing tychoplankton from obligately benthic or planktonic forms except by identification
to species and counting, estimates of tychoplankton biomass and production are challenging, although
tychoplankton are likely ubiquitous in estuarine ecosystems. Inclusion of meroplankton, species regularly spending part of their life cycle in the plankton, with the
tychoplankton is not a common usage in the literature on
estuarine ecology.
Example species
Vos and DeWolf (1993) identified the diatoms Cymatosira
belgica and Raphoneis minutissima as tychoplankton species. Espinosa et al. (2006) identified the diatoms Paralia
sulcata, Staurosira construens, and Staurosirella pinnata
as tychoplankton.
Bibliography
Espinosa, M. A., Hassan, G. S., and Isla, F. I., 2006. Diatom distribution across a temperate microtidal marsh, Mar Chiquita coastal
lagoon, Argentina. Thalassas, 22, 9–16.
Hendey, N. I., 1964. An Introductory Account of the Smaller Algae
of British Coastal Waters. Part V. Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms).
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Fishery Investigation Series IV.
Hutchinson, G. E., 1967. A Treatise on Limnology. Volume
II. Introduction to Lake Biology and Limnoplankton. New York:
Wiley.
Kuhn, D. L., Plafkin, J. L., Cairns, J., Jr., and Lowe, R. L., 1981.
Qualitative characterization of aquatic environments using diatom life-form strategies. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 100, 165–182.
Vos, P. C., and de Wolf, H., 1993. Diatoms as a tool for
reconstructing sedimentary environments in coastal Wetlands.
Hydrobiologia, 269(270), 285–296.
Cross-references
Phytoplankton
Wave-Driven Sediment Resuspension
TYCHOPLANKTON
721
Water Resources Bulletin, 23(1), 73–79.
Emmet, W. W., 1975. The Channels and Waters of the Upper
Salmon River Area, Idaho. USGS Professional Paper 870-A.,
115 p.
LeChevallier, M. W., and Norton, W. D., 1992. Examining relationship between particle counts and Giardia, Cryptosporidium and
turbidity. Journal of the American Water Works Association,
84(12), 54–60.
Strunk, N., 1992. Case studies of variations in suspended matter
transport in small catchments. Hydrobiologia, 235(6), 247–255.
Truhla, J. F., 1976. Determining suspended sediment loads from turbidity records. In Proceedings of the Third Federal Inter-Agency
Sedimentation Conference 1976, held at Denver, Colorado,
March 22–25, 1976. Water Resources Council, Sedimentation
Committee, pp. 7-65–7-74.
TYCHOPLANKTON
Lawrence Cahoon
Department of Biology & Marine Biology, University of
North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
Synonyms
“Tychopelagic” forms, in reference to diatoms (Hendey,
1964)
Definition
Hendey’s (1964) description of marine tychopelagic diatoms specified that these forms spend a major portion of
their life cycle attached to fixed substrata but become
planktonic after physical processes suspend them or tear
them loose from substrate. Hutchinson (1967), examining
freshwater forms, presented a broader definition of
tychoplankton, which included pseudoplankton (only
occasionally suspended in the water) and meroplankton
(spending a part of their life cycle in the plankton). Kuhn
et al. (1981) defined tychoplanktonic species as occupying
benthic niches but under certain conditions proliferating in
the plankton. The utility of distinguishing tychoplankton
includes studies of past conditions (paleoecology).
Taxonomy
Most published references to tychoplankton refer to diatoms that are typically found on the bottom or other solid
substrate and that enter the water column when physical
forces (waves, tidal currents) suspend them. Owing to
the difficulty of distinguishing tychoplankton from obligately benthic or planktonic forms except by identification
to species and counting, estimates of tychoplankton biomass and production are challenging, although
tychoplankton are likely ubiquitous in estuarine ecosystems. Inclusion of meroplankton, species regularly spending part of their life cycle in the plankton, with the
tychoplankton is not a common usage in the literature on
estuarine ecology.
Example species
Vos and DeWolf (1993) identified the diatoms Cymatosira
belgica and Raphoneis minutissima as tychoplankton species. Espinosa et al. (2006) identified the diatoms Paralia
sulcata, Staurosira construens, and Staurosirella pinnata
as tychoplankton.
Bibliography
Espinosa, M. A., Hassan, G. S., and Isla, F. I., 2006. Diatom distribution across a temperate microtidal marsh, Mar Chiquita coastal
lagoon, Argentina. Thalassas, 22, 9–16.
Hendey, N. I., 1964. An Introductory Account of the Smaller Algae
of British Coastal Waters. Part V. Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms).
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Fishery Investigation Series IV.
Hutchinson, G. E., 1967. A Treatise on Limnology. Volume
II. Introduction to Lake Biology and Limnoplankton. New York:
Wiley.
Kuhn, D. L., Plafkin, J. L., Cairns, J., Jr., and Lowe, R. L., 1981.
Qualitative characterization of aquatic environments using diatom life-form strategies. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 100, 165–182.
Vos, P. C., and de Wolf, H., 1993. Diatoms as a tool for
reconstructing sedimentary environments in coastal Wetlands.
Hydrobiologia, 269(270), 285–296.
Cross-references
Phytoplankton
Wave-Driven Sediment Resuspension
TYCHOPLANKTON
721