Bibliography
Bird, E. C. F., 1993. Submerging Coasts: The Effects of Rising Sea
Level on Coastal Environment. Chichester: Wiley and Sons.
Bird, E. C. F., 2008. Coastal Geomorphology: An Introduction.
Chichester: Wiley and Sons.
Castaing, P., and Guilcher, A., 1995. Geomorphology and sedimentology of rias. In Perillo, G. M. E. (ed.), Geomorphology and
Sedimentology of Estuaries. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 69–111.
Church, J. A., Gregory, J. M., Huybrechts, P., Khun, M., Lambeck,
K., Nhuan, M. T., Quin, D., and Woodworth, P. L., 2001.
Chapter 11: Changes in sea level. In Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis,
Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, pp. 639–693.
Gómez-Pujol, L., Gelabert, B., Fornós, J. J., Pardo-Pascual, J. E.,
Rosselló, V. M., Segura, F. S., and Onac, B. P., 2013. Structural
control on the presence and character of calas: observations from
Balearic Islands Rock Coast Macroforms. Geomorphology, 194,
1–15.
Johnson, J. W., 1919. Shore Processes and Shoreline Development.
New York: Wiley.
Piarazzoli, P. A., 1996. Sea-level Changes: The Last 20,000 Years.
Chichester: Wiley and Sons.
Valentin, H. J., 1952. Die Kusten der Erde. Gotha: Justus Perthes.
Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen Ergänzüngsheft, Vol.
246.
Cross-references
Deltas
Mean Sea Level
Shoreline Changes
SUBMERGENT SHORELINE
Nils-Axel Mörner
Paleogeophysics and Geodynamics, Saltsjöbaden, Sweden
Synonyms
Submarine shoreline; Submerged coasts; Submergence;
Subsided shoreline
Definition
A submergent shoreline is one that becomes flooded due
to coastal subsidence or sea-level rise.
The Dutch coast is well known for its long-term crustal
subsidence. This has given rise to a sequence of submarine
shorelines and a transgressing sea (Jelgersma, 1961).
Sediment loading in delta areas can induce subsidence
(sedimento-isostasy) and the development of a submerging
coast with a succession of submarine shorelines, drowned
forests, and flooded coastal zones. Eustatic sea-level rise
after the last Ice Age has been $120 m, which has caused
most coasts of the world to experience substantial inundation, leaving former shorelines and land surfaces in submarine positions (e.g., Daly, 1934).
Water extraction along coasts may also lead to humaninduced subsidence, often resulting in local increases of
relative sea level. In combination with subsidence of
a delta environment, this may cause severe coastal problems, as in Bangkok.
Many old-tide gauges were installed in areas of heavy
harbor construction, and the added weight of the construction can cause local compaction of the sediments and associated subsidence. NOAA (2013) has 204 tide gauge
stations scattered all over the globe where the mean rate
of sea-level rise is +0.75 mm/year.
Bibliography
Daly, R. A., 1934. The Changing World of the Ice Age. New Haven:
Yale University Press.
Jelgersma, S., 1961. Holocene sea-level changes in the Netherlands.
Medded. Netherl. Geol. Stichting., Ser. C, VI: 7, 1–101.
NOAA, 2013. http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends.
shtml
Cross-references
Climate Change
Mean Sea Level
Shoreline Changes
Submerged Coasts
SUSTAINABLE USE
Mafalda Marques Carapuço
Institute Dom Luiz, University of Lisbon, Lisbon,
Portugal
Synonyms
Sustainable Resource Use
Definition
Sustainable use is the use of resources in a way and at
a rate that does not lead to long-term decline, thereby
maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations
of present and future generations (adapted from UN,
1992).
Introduction
Natural resources are vital to the survival and development of the human population and to the world economy.
However, the way in which natural resources, both renewable and nonrenewable, are used and the speed at which
renewable resources are being exploited are rapidly eroding the planet’s capacity to regenerate the resources and
environmental services on which our prosperity and
growth is based (CEC, 2005). According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment report, over the past 50 years,
humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and
extensively than in any comparable period of time in
human history, largely to meet rapidly growing demands
for, namely, food and freshwater (MEA, 2005). If current
patterns of resource use are maintained, environmental
SUSTAINABLE USE
651
Bird, E. C. F., 1993. Submerging Coasts: The Effects of Rising Sea
Level on Coastal Environment. Chichester: Wiley and Sons.
Bird, E. C. F., 2008. Coastal Geomorphology: An Introduction.
Chichester: Wiley and Sons.
Castaing, P., and Guilcher, A., 1995. Geomorphology and sedimentology of rias. In Perillo, G. M. E. (ed.), Geomorphology and
Sedimentology of Estuaries. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 69–111.
Church, J. A., Gregory, J. M., Huybrechts, P., Khun, M., Lambeck,
K., Nhuan, M. T., Quin, D., and Woodworth, P. L., 2001.
Chapter 11: Changes in sea level. In Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis,
Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, pp. 639–693.
Gómez-Pujol, L., Gelabert, B., Fornós, J. J., Pardo-Pascual, J. E.,
Rosselló, V. M., Segura, F. S., and Onac, B. P., 2013. Structural
control on the presence and character of calas: observations from
Balearic Islands Rock Coast Macroforms. Geomorphology, 194,
1–15.
Johnson, J. W., 1919. Shore Processes and Shoreline Development.
New York: Wiley.
Piarazzoli, P. A., 1996. Sea-level Changes: The Last 20,000 Years.
Chichester: Wiley and Sons.
Valentin, H. J., 1952. Die Kusten der Erde. Gotha: Justus Perthes.
Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen Ergänzüngsheft, Vol.
246.
Cross-references
Deltas
Mean Sea Level
Shoreline Changes
SUBMERGENT SHORELINE
Nils-Axel Mörner
Paleogeophysics and Geodynamics, Saltsjöbaden, Sweden
Synonyms
Submarine shoreline; Submerged coasts; Submergence;
Subsided shoreline
Definition
A submergent shoreline is one that becomes flooded due
to coastal subsidence or sea-level rise.
The Dutch coast is well known for its long-term crustal
subsidence. This has given rise to a sequence of submarine
shorelines and a transgressing sea (Jelgersma, 1961).
Sediment loading in delta areas can induce subsidence
(sedimento-isostasy) and the development of a submerging
coast with a succession of submarine shorelines, drowned
forests, and flooded coastal zones. Eustatic sea-level rise
after the last Ice Age has been $120 m, which has caused
most coasts of the world to experience substantial inundation, leaving former shorelines and land surfaces in submarine positions (e.g., Daly, 1934).
Water extraction along coasts may also lead to humaninduced subsidence, often resulting in local increases of
relative sea level. In combination with subsidence of
a delta environment, this may cause severe coastal problems, as in Bangkok.
Many old-tide gauges were installed in areas of heavy
harbor construction, and the added weight of the construction can cause local compaction of the sediments and associated subsidence. NOAA (2013) has 204 tide gauge
stations scattered all over the globe where the mean rate
of sea-level rise is +0.75 mm/year.
Bibliography
Daly, R. A., 1934. The Changing World of the Ice Age. New Haven:
Yale University Press.
Jelgersma, S., 1961. Holocene sea-level changes in the Netherlands.
Medded. Netherl. Geol. Stichting., Ser. C, VI: 7, 1–101.
NOAA, 2013. http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends.
shtml
Cross-references
Climate Change
Mean Sea Level
Shoreline Changes
Submerged Coasts
SUSTAINABLE USE
Mafalda Marques Carapuço
Institute Dom Luiz, University of Lisbon, Lisbon,
Portugal
Synonyms
Sustainable Resource Use
Definition
Sustainable use is the use of resources in a way and at
a rate that does not lead to long-term decline, thereby
maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations
of present and future generations (adapted from UN,
1992).
Introduction
Natural resources are vital to the survival and development of the human population and to the world economy.
However, the way in which natural resources, both renewable and nonrenewable, are used and the speed at which
renewable resources are being exploited are rapidly eroding the planet’s capacity to regenerate the resources and
environmental services on which our prosperity and
growth is based (CEC, 2005). According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment report, over the past 50 years,
humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and
extensively than in any comparable period of time in
human history, largely to meet rapidly growing demands
for, namely, food and freshwater (MEA, 2005). If current
patterns of resource use are maintained, environmental
SUSTAINABLE USE
651