flood insurance rate maps and reports that provide the
return frequency of the 10, 50, 100, and 500 years events.
These events relate to the annual chance of 10 %, 2 %,
1 %, and 0.2 %, respectively; the mapped area will have
a storm surge at that elevation. The elevations associated
with the 10 % or 2 % storm events generally are used for
design purposes.
According to the NRC (2007), the possibility exists that
the level of protection will be exceeded by an event greater
than the “design storm.” The level of protection employed
will translate to the amount of risk or damage the property
owner is willing to accept or incur and the amount
budgeted for installing protection. Larger projects with
more shore protection cost more. Some level of damage
may be deemed acceptable depending on the size of the
project and the value of the property to be protected.
Conclusion
Ongoing development along the world’s estuaries has made
shore protection necessary for erosion abatement and the
protection of costly infrastructure. The decision to protect
estuarine coasts comes down to desired level of protection
and costs. Shoreline protection using defensive systems or
hardening the coast is a proven commodity. Likewise the
widespread use of offensive systems to create beaches and
marshes has shown their ability to provide shore protection,
if done properly, and should be considered from an estuarine habitat perspective. Over the long term, the broader
coastal profile delivered by these systems may allow habitat
transition where tides continue to rise.
Bibliography
Byrne, R. J., and Anderson, G. L., 1978. Shoreline erosion in tidewater Virginia. Special Report in Applied Marine Science and
Ocean Engineering No. 111. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA.
Chasten, M. A., Rosati, J. D., and McCormick, J. W., 1993. Engineering design guidance for detached breakwaters as shore stabilization structures. Tech. Report CERC-93-19, U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, MS
Eurosion, 2004. Living With Coastal Erosion in Europe: Sediment
and Space for Sustainability. Part IV-A Guide to Coastal Erosion
Management Practices in Europe: Lessons Learned. Hague, The
Netherlands: Eurosion, Directorate General Environment European Commission.
Hardaway, Jr., C. S., and Byrne, R. J., 1999. Shoreline management
in Chesapeake Bay. Special Report in Applied Marine Science
and Ocean Engineering No. 356. Virginia Institute of Marine
Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., and Gunn, J. R., 2010. Design and performance of headland bays in Chesapeake Bay, USA. Coastal Engineering, 57, 203–212.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., and Gunn, J. R., 2011. A brief history of headland breakwaters for shore protection in Chesapeake Bay, USA.
Shore and Beach, 79(1), 26–34.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., Thomas, G. R., Fowler, B. K., Hill, C. L., Frye,
J. E., and Ibison, N. A., 1985. Results of the vegetative erosion
control project in the Virginia Chesapeake Bay System. In Webb,
F. J., Jr. (ed.), Proceedings Conference on Wetlands Restoration
and Creation. Tampap: Hillsborough Community College, p. 144.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., Milligan, D. A., Wilcox, C. A.,
Meneghini, L. M., Thomas, G. R., and Comer, T. R., 2005. The
Chesapeake Bay Breakwater Database Project: Hurricane
Isabel Impacts to Four Breakwater Systems. Gloucester Point,
VA: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William &
Mary.
Hardaway, Jr., C. S., Milligan, D. A., Hobbs, C. H., Wilcox, C. A.,
O’Brien, K. P., and Varnell, L., 2010. Mathews County Shoreline
Management Plan. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College
of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia
Hardaway, Jr., C. S., Milligan, D. A., and Duhring, K., 2012.
Living shoreline design guidelines for shore protection in
Virginia’s estuarine environments. Special Report in Applied
Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No 421. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester
Point, VA
Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 1992. Shore Erosion
Control Guidelines for Waterfront Property Owners. Annapolis:
Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Water Resources
Administration.
National Research Council (NRC), 2007. Mitigating Shore Erosion
along Sheltered Coasts. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
New York Sea Grant, 1984. Analysis, Design and Construction of
Coastal Structure. New York: Geotechnical Engineering Group,
Cornell University, for New York Sea Grant Institute, New York
Sea Grant, Stony Brook.
Nordstrom, K. F., 1992. Estuarine Beaches. London: Elsevier.
Pile Buck, 1990. Coastal Construction. Jupiter, FL: Pile Buck,
Incorporated.
Rogers, S., 2005. Complexities in Evaluating the Impact of Estuarine Erosion Management Alternatives. Washington, DC:
National Research Council. Presentation to the NRC Committee
on Mitigating Shore Erosion along Sheltered Coasts, Washington, DC 2005.
Rogers, S., and Skrabel, T. E., 2001. Managing Erosion
on Estuarine Shorelines. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Sea
Grant.
Singewald, J. T., Jr., and Slaughter, T. H., 1949. Shore Erosion in
Tidewater Maryland. Baltimore: Bulletin 6, Dept. of Geology,
Mines and Water Resources.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 1973. Chesapeake Bay
existing conditions report. In The Bay Processes and Resources.
Baltimore District: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 1984. Shore Protection
Manual, 4th edn. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 1981. Low Cost Shore
Protection: A Guide for Engineers and Contractors. Monroeville: GAI Consultants.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 2000. Coastal Engineering Manual. Vicksburg: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal
Hydraulics Laboratory.
Virginia Marine Resource Commission, 1989. Shoreline Development BMP’s. Newport News: Virginia Marine Resource
Commission.
Ward, L. G., Rosen, P. S., Neal, W. J., Pilkey, O. H., Jr., Pilkey,
O. H., Sr., Anderson, G. L., and Howie, S. J., 1989. Living with
Chesapeake Bay and Virginia’s Ocean Shores. Durham: Duke
University Press.
Cross-references
Bulkheads
Coastal Erosion Control
Headland Breakwater
Revetments
584
SHORE PROTECTION
return frequency of the 10, 50, 100, and 500 years events.
These events relate to the annual chance of 10 %, 2 %,
1 %, and 0.2 %, respectively; the mapped area will have
a storm surge at that elevation. The elevations associated
with the 10 % or 2 % storm events generally are used for
design purposes.
According to the NRC (2007), the possibility exists that
the level of protection will be exceeded by an event greater
than the “design storm.” The level of protection employed
will translate to the amount of risk or damage the property
owner is willing to accept or incur and the amount
budgeted for installing protection. Larger projects with
more shore protection cost more. Some level of damage
may be deemed acceptable depending on the size of the
project and the value of the property to be protected.
Conclusion
Ongoing development along the world’s estuaries has made
shore protection necessary for erosion abatement and the
protection of costly infrastructure. The decision to protect
estuarine coasts comes down to desired level of protection
and costs. Shoreline protection using defensive systems or
hardening the coast is a proven commodity. Likewise the
widespread use of offensive systems to create beaches and
marshes has shown their ability to provide shore protection,
if done properly, and should be considered from an estuarine habitat perspective. Over the long term, the broader
coastal profile delivered by these systems may allow habitat
transition where tides continue to rise.
Bibliography
Byrne, R. J., and Anderson, G. L., 1978. Shoreline erosion in tidewater Virginia. Special Report in Applied Marine Science and
Ocean Engineering No. 111. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA.
Chasten, M. A., Rosati, J. D., and McCormick, J. W., 1993. Engineering design guidance for detached breakwaters as shore stabilization structures. Tech. Report CERC-93-19, U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, MS
Eurosion, 2004. Living With Coastal Erosion in Europe: Sediment
and Space for Sustainability. Part IV-A Guide to Coastal Erosion
Management Practices in Europe: Lessons Learned. Hague, The
Netherlands: Eurosion, Directorate General Environment European Commission.
Hardaway, Jr., C. S., and Byrne, R. J., 1999. Shoreline management
in Chesapeake Bay. Special Report in Applied Marine Science
and Ocean Engineering No. 356. Virginia Institute of Marine
Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., and Gunn, J. R., 2010. Design and performance of headland bays in Chesapeake Bay, USA. Coastal Engineering, 57, 203–212.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., and Gunn, J. R., 2011. A brief history of headland breakwaters for shore protection in Chesapeake Bay, USA.
Shore and Beach, 79(1), 26–34.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., Thomas, G. R., Fowler, B. K., Hill, C. L., Frye,
J. E., and Ibison, N. A., 1985. Results of the vegetative erosion
control project in the Virginia Chesapeake Bay System. In Webb,
F. J., Jr. (ed.), Proceedings Conference on Wetlands Restoration
and Creation. Tampap: Hillsborough Community College, p. 144.
Hardaway, C. S., Jr., Milligan, D. A., Wilcox, C. A.,
Meneghini, L. M., Thomas, G. R., and Comer, T. R., 2005. The
Chesapeake Bay Breakwater Database Project: Hurricane
Isabel Impacts to Four Breakwater Systems. Gloucester Point,
VA: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William &
Mary.
Hardaway, Jr., C. S., Milligan, D. A., Hobbs, C. H., Wilcox, C. A.,
O’Brien, K. P., and Varnell, L., 2010. Mathews County Shoreline
Management Plan. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College
of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia
Hardaway, Jr., C. S., Milligan, D. A., and Duhring, K., 2012.
Living shoreline design guidelines for shore protection in
Virginia’s estuarine environments. Special Report in Applied
Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No 421. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester
Point, VA
Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 1992. Shore Erosion
Control Guidelines for Waterfront Property Owners. Annapolis:
Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Water Resources
Administration.
National Research Council (NRC), 2007. Mitigating Shore Erosion
along Sheltered Coasts. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
New York Sea Grant, 1984. Analysis, Design and Construction of
Coastal Structure. New York: Geotechnical Engineering Group,
Cornell University, for New York Sea Grant Institute, New York
Sea Grant, Stony Brook.
Nordstrom, K. F., 1992. Estuarine Beaches. London: Elsevier.
Pile Buck, 1990. Coastal Construction. Jupiter, FL: Pile Buck,
Incorporated.
Rogers, S., 2005. Complexities in Evaluating the Impact of Estuarine Erosion Management Alternatives. Washington, DC:
National Research Council. Presentation to the NRC Committee
on Mitigating Shore Erosion along Sheltered Coasts, Washington, DC 2005.
Rogers, S., and Skrabel, T. E., 2001. Managing Erosion
on Estuarine Shorelines. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Sea
Grant.
Singewald, J. T., Jr., and Slaughter, T. H., 1949. Shore Erosion in
Tidewater Maryland. Baltimore: Bulletin 6, Dept. of Geology,
Mines and Water Resources.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 1973. Chesapeake Bay
existing conditions report. In The Bay Processes and Resources.
Baltimore District: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 1984. Shore Protection
Manual, 4th edn. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 1981. Low Cost Shore
Protection: A Guide for Engineers and Contractors. Monroeville: GAI Consultants.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 2000. Coastal Engineering Manual. Vicksburg: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal
Hydraulics Laboratory.
Virginia Marine Resource Commission, 1989. Shoreline Development BMP’s. Newport News: Virginia Marine Resource
Commission.
Ward, L. G., Rosen, P. S., Neal, W. J., Pilkey, O. H., Jr., Pilkey,
O. H., Sr., Anderson, G. L., and Howie, S. J., 1989. Living with
Chesapeake Bay and Virginia’s Ocean Shores. Durham: Duke
University Press.
Cross-references
Bulkheads
Coastal Erosion Control
Headland Breakwater
Revetments
584
SHORE PROTECTION