(Sanford, 2008; Winterwerp et al., 2012). Moreover, the
role of vegetation on sediment resuspension needs to the
better quantified (Nepf, 2012).
Bibliography
Beardsley, R. C., Candela, J., Limeburner, R., Geyer, W. R., Lentz,
S. J., Castro, B., Cacchione, D., and Carneiro, N., 1995. The M2
tide on the Amazon shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100
(C2), 2283–2319.
Boldt, K. V., Nittrouer, C. A., and Ogston, A. S., 2013. Seasonal
transfer and net accumulation of fine sediment on a muddy tidal
flat: Willapa Bay, Washington. Continental Shelf Research, 60,
S157–S172.
Cantero, M. I., Balachandar, S., and Parker, G., 2009. Direct numerical simulation of stratification effects in a sediment-laden turbulent channel flow. Journal of Turbulence, 10, N27, doi:10.1080/
14685240903159197.
Christie, M. C., and Dyer, K. R., 1998. Measurements of the turbid
tidal edge over the Skeffling mudflats. In Black, K. S., Paterson,
D. M., and Cramp, A. (eds.), Sedimentary Processes in the Intertidal Zone. London: Geological Society. Special Publication,
Vol. 139, pp. 45–55.
Dean, R. G., and Dalrymple, R. A., 2002. Coastal Processes with
Engineering Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Geyer, W. R., Hill, P. S., and Kineke, G. C., 2004. The transport,
transformation and dispersal of sediment by buoyant coastal
flows. Continental Shelf Research, 24(7–8), 927–949.
MacCready, P., and Geyer, W. R., 2010. Advances in estuarine
physics. Annual Reviews of Marine Science, 2, 35–58,
doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081015.
Mehta, A. J., 1991. Understanding fluid mud in a dynamic environment. Geo-Marine Letters, 11, 113–118.
Mikkelsen, O. A., Milligan, T. G., Hill, P. S., and Moffatt, D., 2004.
INSSECT – an instrumented platform for investigating floc
properties close to the seabed. Limnology and Oceanography:
Methods, 2, 226–236.
Nepf, H. M., 2012. Flow and transport in regions with aquatic vegetation. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 44, 123–142.
Nittrouer, C. A., DeMaster, D. J., Figueiredo, A. G., and Rine, J. M.,
1991. AmasSeds: an interdisciplinary investigation of a complex
coastal environment. Oceanography, 4, 3–7.
Nowacki, D., and Ogston, A., 2013. Water and sediment transport of
channel-flat systems in a mesotidal mudflat: Willapa Bay, Washington. Continental Shelf Research, 60, S111–S124.
Ozdemir, C. E., Hsu, T.-J., and Balachandar, S., 2010. A numerical
investigation of fine particle laden flow in oscillatory channel:
the role of particle-induced density stratification. Journal of Fluid
Mechanics, 665, 1–45, doi:10.1017/S0022112010003769.
Ozdemir, C. E., Hsu, T.-J., and Balachandar, S., 2011. A numerical
investigation of lutocline dynamics and saturation of fine sediment in the oscillatory boundary layer. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 116, C09012, doi:10.1029/2011JC007185.
Pope, S. B., 2000. Turbulent Flows. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sahin, C., Safak, I., Sheremet, A., and Mehta, A. J., 2011. Observations on cohesive bed reworking by waves: Atchafalaya Shelf,
Louisiana. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, C09025,
doi:10.1029/2011JC007821.
Sanford, L. P., 2008. Modeling a dynamically varying mixed sediment bed with erosion, deposition, bioturbation, consolidation,
and armoring. Computational Geosciences, 34, 1263–1283,
doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2008.02.011.
Santschi, P. H., Burd, A. B., Gaillard, J.-H., and Lazarides, A. A.,
2005. Transport of materials and chemicals by nanoscale
colloids and micro- to macro-scale flocs in marine, freshwater
and engineered systems. In Droppo, I. G., Leppard, G. G., Liss,
S. N., and Milligan, T. G. (eds.), Flocculation in Natural and
Engineered Environmental Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press,
pp. 191–209.
Traykovski, P., Geyer, W. R., Irish, J. D., and Lynch, J. F., 2000. The
role of wave-induced fluid mud flows for cross-shelf transport
on the Eel River continental shelf. Continental Shelf Research,
20, 2113–2140.
Traykovski, P., Wiberg, P., and Geyer, W. R. 2007. “Observations
and modeling of wave-supported sediment gravity flows on the
Po prodelta and comparison to prior observations from the Eel
shelf.” Continental Shelf Research, 27(3–4), 375–399.
Trowbridge, J. H., and Kineke, G. C., 1994. Structure and dynamics
of fluid mud on the Amazon continental shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99(C1), 865–874.
Winterwerp, J. C., 2001. Stratification effects by cohesive and
non-cohesive sediment. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106,
22559–22574, doi:10.1029/2000JC000435.
Winterwerp, J. C., and van Kesteren, W. G. M., 2004. Introduction
to the Physics of Cohesive Sediment in the Marine Environment.
New York: Elsevier.
Winterwerp, J. C., van Kesteren, W. G. M., van Prooijen, B., and
Jacobs, W., 2012. A conceptual framework for shear flow–
induced erosion of soft cohesive sediment beds. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, C10020, doi:10.1029/2012JC008072.
Wright, L. D., 1977. Sediment transport and deposition at river
mouth: a synthesis. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 88,
857–868.
Wright, L. D., and Friedrichs, C. T., 2006. Gravity-driven sediment
transport on continental shelves: a status report. Continental
Shelf Research, 26, 2092–2107.
Wright, L. D., and Nittrouer, C. A., 1995. Dispersal of river sediments in coastal seas: six contrasting cases. Estuaries, 18,
494–508.
Cross-references
Sediment Budgets
Sediment Erosion
Sediment Grain Size
Sediment Transport
Tidal Hydrodynamics
Wave-Driven Sediment Resuspension
SEDIMENT SORTING
Michel Michaelovitch de Mahiques
Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo,
Sao Paulo, Brazil
Definition
Sediment sorting is the degree of dispersion of a grain-size
distribution around a central value (mean, median,
or mode).
Description
Sorting can reflect both sediment source and/or transport,
with aeolian-transported sediments being among the best
sorted and glacial sediments being among the poorest
sorted. The measurement of the degree of sorting of
560
SEDIMENT SORTING
role of vegetation on sediment resuspension needs to the
better quantified (Nepf, 2012).
Bibliography
Beardsley, R. C., Candela, J., Limeburner, R., Geyer, W. R., Lentz,
S. J., Castro, B., Cacchione, D., and Carneiro, N., 1995. The M2
tide on the Amazon shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100
(C2), 2283–2319.
Boldt, K. V., Nittrouer, C. A., and Ogston, A. S., 2013. Seasonal
transfer and net accumulation of fine sediment on a muddy tidal
flat: Willapa Bay, Washington. Continental Shelf Research, 60,
S157–S172.
Cantero, M. I., Balachandar, S., and Parker, G., 2009. Direct numerical simulation of stratification effects in a sediment-laden turbulent channel flow. Journal of Turbulence, 10, N27, doi:10.1080/
14685240903159197.
Christie, M. C., and Dyer, K. R., 1998. Measurements of the turbid
tidal edge over the Skeffling mudflats. In Black, K. S., Paterson,
D. M., and Cramp, A. (eds.), Sedimentary Processes in the Intertidal Zone. London: Geological Society. Special Publication,
Vol. 139, pp. 45–55.
Dean, R. G., and Dalrymple, R. A., 2002. Coastal Processes with
Engineering Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Geyer, W. R., Hill, P. S., and Kineke, G. C., 2004. The transport,
transformation and dispersal of sediment by buoyant coastal
flows. Continental Shelf Research, 24(7–8), 927–949.
MacCready, P., and Geyer, W. R., 2010. Advances in estuarine
physics. Annual Reviews of Marine Science, 2, 35–58,
doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081015.
Mehta, A. J., 1991. Understanding fluid mud in a dynamic environment. Geo-Marine Letters, 11, 113–118.
Mikkelsen, O. A., Milligan, T. G., Hill, P. S., and Moffatt, D., 2004.
INSSECT – an instrumented platform for investigating floc
properties close to the seabed. Limnology and Oceanography:
Methods, 2, 226–236.
Nepf, H. M., 2012. Flow and transport in regions with aquatic vegetation. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 44, 123–142.
Nittrouer, C. A., DeMaster, D. J., Figueiredo, A. G., and Rine, J. M.,
1991. AmasSeds: an interdisciplinary investigation of a complex
coastal environment. Oceanography, 4, 3–7.
Nowacki, D., and Ogston, A., 2013. Water and sediment transport of
channel-flat systems in a mesotidal mudflat: Willapa Bay, Washington. Continental Shelf Research, 60, S111–S124.
Ozdemir, C. E., Hsu, T.-J., and Balachandar, S., 2010. A numerical
investigation of fine particle laden flow in oscillatory channel:
the role of particle-induced density stratification. Journal of Fluid
Mechanics, 665, 1–45, doi:10.1017/S0022112010003769.
Ozdemir, C. E., Hsu, T.-J., and Balachandar, S., 2011. A numerical
investigation of lutocline dynamics and saturation of fine sediment in the oscillatory boundary layer. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 116, C09012, doi:10.1029/2011JC007185.
Pope, S. B., 2000. Turbulent Flows. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sahin, C., Safak, I., Sheremet, A., and Mehta, A. J., 2011. Observations on cohesive bed reworking by waves: Atchafalaya Shelf,
Louisiana. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, C09025,
doi:10.1029/2011JC007821.
Sanford, L. P., 2008. Modeling a dynamically varying mixed sediment bed with erosion, deposition, bioturbation, consolidation,
and armoring. Computational Geosciences, 34, 1263–1283,
doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2008.02.011.
Santschi, P. H., Burd, A. B., Gaillard, J.-H., and Lazarides, A. A.,
2005. Transport of materials and chemicals by nanoscale
colloids and micro- to macro-scale flocs in marine, freshwater
and engineered systems. In Droppo, I. G., Leppard, G. G., Liss,
S. N., and Milligan, T. G. (eds.), Flocculation in Natural and
Engineered Environmental Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press,
pp. 191–209.
Traykovski, P., Geyer, W. R., Irish, J. D., and Lynch, J. F., 2000. The
role of wave-induced fluid mud flows for cross-shelf transport
on the Eel River continental shelf. Continental Shelf Research,
20, 2113–2140.
Traykovski, P., Wiberg, P., and Geyer, W. R. 2007. “Observations
and modeling of wave-supported sediment gravity flows on the
Po prodelta and comparison to prior observations from the Eel
shelf.” Continental Shelf Research, 27(3–4), 375–399.
Trowbridge, J. H., and Kineke, G. C., 1994. Structure and dynamics
of fluid mud on the Amazon continental shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99(C1), 865–874.
Winterwerp, J. C., 2001. Stratification effects by cohesive and
non-cohesive sediment. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106,
22559–22574, doi:10.1029/2000JC000435.
Winterwerp, J. C., and van Kesteren, W. G. M., 2004. Introduction
to the Physics of Cohesive Sediment in the Marine Environment.
New York: Elsevier.
Winterwerp, J. C., van Kesteren, W. G. M., van Prooijen, B., and
Jacobs, W., 2012. A conceptual framework for shear flow–
induced erosion of soft cohesive sediment beds. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, C10020, doi:10.1029/2012JC008072.
Wright, L. D., 1977. Sediment transport and deposition at river
mouth: a synthesis. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 88,
857–868.
Wright, L. D., and Friedrichs, C. T., 2006. Gravity-driven sediment
transport on continental shelves: a status report. Continental
Shelf Research, 26, 2092–2107.
Wright, L. D., and Nittrouer, C. A., 1995. Dispersal of river sediments in coastal seas: six contrasting cases. Estuaries, 18,
494–508.
Cross-references
Sediment Budgets
Sediment Erosion
Sediment Grain Size
Sediment Transport
Tidal Hydrodynamics
Wave-Driven Sediment Resuspension
SEDIMENT SORTING
Michel Michaelovitch de Mahiques
Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo,
Sao Paulo, Brazil
Definition
Sediment sorting is the degree of dispersion of a grain-size
distribution around a central value (mean, median,
or mode).
Description
Sorting can reflect both sediment source and/or transport,
with aeolian-transported sediments being among the best
sorted and glacial sediments being among the poorest
sorted. The measurement of the degree of sorting of
560
SEDIMENT SORTING