Biology of Marine Birds. Boca Raton: Mew Uprl MU’ CRC
Press, pp. 485–526.
Burger, J., Niles, L. J., Porter, R. R., Dey, A. D., Koch, S., and Gordon, C., 2012. Migration and over-wintering of Red Knots
(Calidris canutus rufa) along the Atlantic Coast of the United
States. The Condor, 114, 302–313.
Coulson, J. C., 2001. Colonial breeding in seabirds. In Schreiber,
E. A., and Burger, J. (eds.), Biology of Marine Birds. Boca
Raton: Mew Uprl MU’ CRC Press, pp. 87–114.
Brooke, M., 2001. Seabird systematics and distribution: a review of
current knowledge. In Schreiber, E. A., and Burger, J. (eds.),
Biology of Marine Birds. Boca Raton: Mew Uprl MU’ CRC
Press, pp. 57–87.
Derraik, J. G. B., 2002. The pollution of the marine environment
by plastic debris: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44,
842–852.
Gottschalk, T. K., Huettmann, F., and Ehlers, M., 2005. Thirty years
of analyzing and modeling avian habitat relationships using satellite imagery data: a review. International Journal of Remote
Sensing, 26, 2631–2656.
Gremillet, D., and Boulinier, T., 2009. Spatial ecology and conservation of seabirds facing global change: a review. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 391, 121–137.
Hilton, G. M., and Cuthbert, R. J., 2010. The catastrophic impact of
invasive mammalian predators on birds of the UK overseas territories: a review and synthesis. Ibis, 152, 443–458.
Jones, H. P., Tershy, B. R., Zavaleta, E. S., Croll, D. A., Keitt, B. S.,
Finkelstein, M. E., and Howald, G. R., 2007. Severity of the
effects of invasive rats on seabirds: a global review. Conservation Biology, 22, 16–26.
Kingston, P. F., 2002. Long-term environmental impact of oil spills.
Spill Science and Technology Bulletin, 7, 53–61.
Lack, D. 1968. Ecological adaptations for breeding in birds.
London: Chapman & Hall.
Montevecchi, W. A., 2001. Interactions between fisheries and seabirds. In Schreiber, E. A., and Burger, J. (eds.), Biology of
Marine Birds. Boca Raton: Mew Uprl MU’ CRC Press,
pp. 527–559.
Moore, J. E., Wallace, B. P., Lewison, R. L., Zydelis, R., Cox, T. M.,
and Crowder, L. B., 2009. A review of marine mammal, sea turtle, and seabird bycatch in USA fisheries and the role of policy in
shaping management. Marine Policy, 33, 435–451.
Mowbray, T. B., 2002. Northern Gannet (Morus bassanus). In
Poole, A. (ed), Birds of North America on Line. http://bna.
birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/693
Nettleship, D. N., Burger, J., and Gochfeld, M. (eds.), 1994. Threats
to Seabirds on Islands. Cambridge: International Council for
Bird Preservation.
Schreiber, E. A., and Burger, J. (eds.), 2001a. Biology of Marine
Birds. Boca Raton: Mew Uprl MU’ CRC Press.
Schreiber, E. A., and Burger, J., 2001b. Seabirds in the marine environment. In Schreiber, E. A., and Burger, J. (eds.), Biology of
Marine Birds. Boca Raton: Mew Uprl MU’ CRC Press,
pp. 1–16.
Schreiber, E. A., and Burger, J., 2001c. Table of seabird species and
life history characteristics. In Schreiber, E. A., and Burger,
J. (eds.), Biology of Marine Birds. Boca Raton: Mew Uprl
MU’ CRC Press, pp. 657–686.
Shealer, D. A., 2001. Foraging behavior and food of seabirds.
In Schreiber, E. A., and Burger, J. (eds.), Biology of Marine
Birds. Boca Raton: Mew Uprl MU’ CRC Press, pp. 137–178.
2001.
Cross-references
Shorebirds
SEAGRASS PRODUCTION MODELS
Jessie C. Jarvis
Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem
Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Cairns,
QLD, Australia
Synonyms
Ecological models
Definition
Seagrass production models are conceptual or mathematical simplifications (or abstractions) of the physiological
processes associated with plant metabolism that results
in plant growth or loss.
Introduction
Seagrasses, submersed marine angiosperms, are important
components of global shallow coastal and estuarine ecosystems (Green and Short, 2003). Seagrass communities
provide habitat, protection, and nursery functions for economically valuable fishery species (Heck et al., 2008),
serve as indicators of and modify local water quality
conditions (Dennison et al., 1993; Moore, 2004), and link
nutrient and carbon cycles between the water column and
sediment (Fourqurean et al., 2012). Due to their importance within shallow coastal ecosystems, information
concerning the growth, resilience, and stability of seagrass
beds is necessary for effective coastal management.
Ecological models are conceptual or mathematical
simplifications (or abstractions) of a real system (see
Ecological Modeling). Production models are a type of
ecological model that mathematically describes the physiological processes associated with plant metabolism that
results in plant growth or loss (Best et al., 2001). These
models are useful tools in the quantitative analysis of complex ecosystems, such as seagrass meadows, and aid in the
development of hypotheses of feedback mechanisms that
impact plant growth and predict how plants may respond
to changes in water quality or management practices that
cannot be quantified using field and laboratory data alone
(Carr et al., 1997).
Primarily seagrass production models have been used
for scientific research focusing on quantifying physiological responses to environmental conditions (Short, 1980;
Wetzel and Neckles, 1986; Bach, 1993). More recently
the scope of production models has shifted to investigate
broader topics, such as altered trophic interactions
(Zaldívar et al., 2009; Baeta et al., 2011), and has been
coupled to hydrodynamic (Manca et al., 2012) and/or
spatially explicit models (Coffaro et al., 1997; Giusti
et al., 2010) to analyze the ecological roles and responses
of seagrass populations across larger scales. With increasing availability of long-term monitoring data sets and the
continued decline of seagrasses globally (Orth et al., 2006;
542
SEAGRASS PRODUCTION MODELS
Press, pp. 485–526.
Burger, J., Niles, L. J., Porter, R. R., Dey, A. D., Koch, S., and Gordon, C., 2012. Migration and over-wintering of Red Knots
(Calidris canutus rufa) along the Atlantic Coast of the United
States. The Condor, 114, 302–313.
Coulson, J. C., 2001. Colonial breeding in seabirds. In Schreiber,
E. A., and Burger, J. (eds.), Biology of Marine Birds. Boca
Raton: Mew Uprl MU’ CRC Press, pp. 87–114.
Brooke, M., 2001. Seabird systematics and distribution: a review of
current knowledge. In Schreiber, E. A., and Burger, J. (eds.),
Biology of Marine Birds. Boca Raton: Mew Uprl MU’ CRC
Press, pp. 57–87.
Derraik, J. G. B., 2002. The pollution of the marine environment
by plastic debris: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44,
842–852.
Gottschalk, T. K., Huettmann, F., and Ehlers, M., 2005. Thirty years
of analyzing and modeling avian habitat relationships using satellite imagery data: a review. International Journal of Remote
Sensing, 26, 2631–2656.
Gremillet, D., and Boulinier, T., 2009. Spatial ecology and conservation of seabirds facing global change: a review. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 391, 121–137.
Hilton, G. M., and Cuthbert, R. J., 2010. The catastrophic impact of
invasive mammalian predators on birds of the UK overseas territories: a review and synthesis. Ibis, 152, 443–458.
Jones, H. P., Tershy, B. R., Zavaleta, E. S., Croll, D. A., Keitt, B. S.,
Finkelstein, M. E., and Howald, G. R., 2007. Severity of the
effects of invasive rats on seabirds: a global review. Conservation Biology, 22, 16–26.
Kingston, P. F., 2002. Long-term environmental impact of oil spills.
Spill Science and Technology Bulletin, 7, 53–61.
Lack, D. 1968. Ecological adaptations for breeding in birds.
London: Chapman & Hall.
Montevecchi, W. A., 2001. Interactions between fisheries and seabirds. In Schreiber, E. A., and Burger, J. (eds.), Biology of
Marine Birds. Boca Raton: Mew Uprl MU’ CRC Press,
pp. 527–559.
Moore, J. E., Wallace, B. P., Lewison, R. L., Zydelis, R., Cox, T. M.,
and Crowder, L. B., 2009. A review of marine mammal, sea turtle, and seabird bycatch in USA fisheries and the role of policy in
shaping management. Marine Policy, 33, 435–451.
Mowbray, T. B., 2002. Northern Gannet (Morus bassanus). In
Poole, A. (ed), Birds of North America on Line. http://bna.
birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/693
Nettleship, D. N., Burger, J., and Gochfeld, M. (eds.), 1994. Threats
to Seabirds on Islands. Cambridge: International Council for
Bird Preservation.
Schreiber, E. A., and Burger, J. (eds.), 2001a. Biology of Marine
Birds. Boca Raton: Mew Uprl MU’ CRC Press.
Schreiber, E. A., and Burger, J., 2001b. Seabirds in the marine environment. In Schreiber, E. A., and Burger, J. (eds.), Biology of
Marine Birds. Boca Raton: Mew Uprl MU’ CRC Press,
pp. 1–16.
Schreiber, E. A., and Burger, J., 2001c. Table of seabird species and
life history characteristics. In Schreiber, E. A., and Burger,
J. (eds.), Biology of Marine Birds. Boca Raton: Mew Uprl
MU’ CRC Press, pp. 657–686.
Shealer, D. A., 2001. Foraging behavior and food of seabirds.
In Schreiber, E. A., and Burger, J. (eds.), Biology of Marine
Birds. Boca Raton: Mew Uprl MU’ CRC Press, pp. 137–178.
2001.
Cross-references
Shorebirds
SEAGRASS PRODUCTION MODELS
Jessie C. Jarvis
Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem
Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Cairns,
QLD, Australia
Synonyms
Ecological models
Definition
Seagrass production models are conceptual or mathematical simplifications (or abstractions) of the physiological
processes associated with plant metabolism that results
in plant growth or loss.
Introduction
Seagrasses, submersed marine angiosperms, are important
components of global shallow coastal and estuarine ecosystems (Green and Short, 2003). Seagrass communities
provide habitat, protection, and nursery functions for economically valuable fishery species (Heck et al., 2008),
serve as indicators of and modify local water quality
conditions (Dennison et al., 1993; Moore, 2004), and link
nutrient and carbon cycles between the water column and
sediment (Fourqurean et al., 2012). Due to their importance within shallow coastal ecosystems, information
concerning the growth, resilience, and stability of seagrass
beds is necessary for effective coastal management.
Ecological models are conceptual or mathematical
simplifications (or abstractions) of a real system (see
Ecological Modeling). Production models are a type of
ecological model that mathematically describes the physiological processes associated with plant metabolism that
results in plant growth or loss (Best et al., 2001). These
models are useful tools in the quantitative analysis of complex ecosystems, such as seagrass meadows, and aid in the
development of hypotheses of feedback mechanisms that
impact plant growth and predict how plants may respond
to changes in water quality or management practices that
cannot be quantified using field and laboratory data alone
(Carr et al., 1997).
Primarily seagrass production models have been used
for scientific research focusing on quantifying physiological responses to environmental conditions (Short, 1980;
Wetzel and Neckles, 1986; Bach, 1993). More recently
the scope of production models has shifted to investigate
broader topics, such as altered trophic interactions
(Zaldívar et al., 2009; Baeta et al., 2011), and has been
coupled to hydrodynamic (Manca et al., 2012) and/or
spatially explicit models (Coffaro et al., 1997; Giusti
et al., 2010) to analyze the ecological roles and responses
of seagrass populations across larger scales. With increasing availability of long-term monitoring data sets and the
continued decline of seagrasses globally (Orth et al., 2006;
542
SEAGRASS PRODUCTION MODELS