Nelson, E., Mondoza, G., Regetz, J., Polasky, S., Tallis, J.,
Cameron, D. R., Chan, K. M. A., Daily, G. C., Goldstein, J.,
Kareiva, P. M., Londsdorf, E., Naidoo, R., Ricketts, T. H., and
Shaw, M. R., 2009. Modelling multiple ecosystems services,
biodiversity conservation, commodity production, and tradeoffs
at landscape scale. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, 7,
4–11.
Soulé, M. E., 1985. What is conservation biology? Bioscience, 35,
727–734.
Turner, N., and Clifton, H., 2009. “It’s so different today”: climate
change and indigenous lifeways in British Columbia, Canada.
Global Environmental Change, 19, 180–190.
Cross-references
Estuarine Sustainability
Estuary Conservation Zone
Sustainable Use
ESTUARY CONSERVATION ZONE
Colin Levings
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific,
Centre for Aquaculture and Environmental Research,
West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Definition
An estuarine conservation zone is an area in an estuary
which receives legislated protection from industrial development or other impact because of its recognized ecological
value.
Overview
Criteria for conservation zones: The criteria for an estuarine conservation zone will be conditioned by local
requirements and are usually decided by conservation
(qv) needs as well as methods related to coastal zone management (qv). The presence of a particular endangered
species, according to the criteria of the International Union
for Conservation of Nature and its irreplaceability, is
important (AZE, 2013). Marine or estuarine reserves
(Roberts et al., 2003) are types of conservation zones that
serve to protect an area for fishing in order to avoid
overharvesting or to repopulate depleted fisheries. The
existence of rare habitat is also important (e.g., a tract of
intact habitat within a disrupted estuary).
Mapping techniques: The mapping of a conservation
zone can be difficult because habitat boundaries are often
not easily recognized, especially for wide-ranging estuarine animals. Conservation zones for estuarine plants are
more easily delineated because methods used for estuarine
vegetation mapping are fairly well described (e.g., WERC
SFBE, 2013). Remote sensing is increasingly used to map
conservation zones (e.g., Yang, 2009), although ground
truthing is still an important task. Software is available to
optimize the spatial aspects of estuarine conservation zone
mapping (e.g., Marxan; see Watts et al., 2009).
Examples of estuary conservation zones: Most estuary
conservation zones are described in local, regional, or
national planning documents dealing with integrated
coastal zone management (qv). Edwards and Winn
(2006) and Edgar et al. (2010) provide case histories of
the development of estuarine conservation zones.
Bibliography
AZE (Alliance for Zero Extinction), 2013. AZE Overview. http://
www.zeroextinction.org/overviewofaze.htm (accessed September 29 2013).
Edgar, G. J., Last, P. R., Barrett, N. S., Gowlett-Holmes, K.,
Driessen, M., and Mooney, P., 2010. Conservation of natural
wilderness values in the Port Davey marine and estuarine
protected area, South-Western Tasmania. Aquatic Conservation:
Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 20, 297–311.
Edwards, A. M. C., and Winn, P. S. J., 2006. The Humber Estuary,
Eastern England: strategic planning of flood defences and habitats. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 53, 165–174.
Roberts, C. M., Branch, G., Bustamante, R. H., Castilla, J. C.,
Dugan, J., Halpern, B. S., and Warner, R., 2003. Application of
ecological criteria in selecting marine reserves and developing
reserve networks. Ecological Applications, 13(sp1), 215–228.
Watts, M. E., Ball, I. R., Stewart, R. S., Klein, C. J., Wilson, K.,
Steinback, C., and Possingham, H. P., 2009. Marxan with zones:
software for optimal conservation based land-and sea-use zoning. Environmental Modelling & Software, 24, 1513–1521.
WERC SFBE (USGS Western Ecological Research Center
San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station), 2013. Tidal Marsh
Monitoring. http://www.tidalmarshmonitoring.org/monitoringmethods-vegetation.php (accessed September 29 2013).
Yang, X. (ed.), 2009. Remote Sensing and Geospatial Technologies
for Coastal Ecosystem Assessment. Lecture Notes in
Geoinformation and Cartography, Heidelberg: Springer.
Cross-references
Estuarine Sustainability
Sustainable Use
EUTROPHICATION
Michael J. Kennish
Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences,
School of Environmental and Biological Sciences,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Synonyms
Nutrient enrichment; Organic matter enrichment
Definition
Eutrophication is a process that can severely degrade estuarine and coastal marine environments. It has been defined
differently by authors in the scientific literature. Nixon
(1995), for example, defined eutrophication as an increase
304
ESTUARY CONSERVATION ZONE
Cameron, D. R., Chan, K. M. A., Daily, G. C., Goldstein, J.,
Kareiva, P. M., Londsdorf, E., Naidoo, R., Ricketts, T. H., and
Shaw, M. R., 2009. Modelling multiple ecosystems services,
biodiversity conservation, commodity production, and tradeoffs
at landscape scale. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, 7,
4–11.
Soulé, M. E., 1985. What is conservation biology? Bioscience, 35,
727–734.
Turner, N., and Clifton, H., 2009. “It’s so different today”: climate
change and indigenous lifeways in British Columbia, Canada.
Global Environmental Change, 19, 180–190.
Cross-references
Estuarine Sustainability
Estuary Conservation Zone
Sustainable Use
ESTUARY CONSERVATION ZONE
Colin Levings
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific,
Centre for Aquaculture and Environmental Research,
West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Definition
An estuarine conservation zone is an area in an estuary
which receives legislated protection from industrial development or other impact because of its recognized ecological
value.
Overview
Criteria for conservation zones: The criteria for an estuarine conservation zone will be conditioned by local
requirements and are usually decided by conservation
(qv) needs as well as methods related to coastal zone management (qv). The presence of a particular endangered
species, according to the criteria of the International Union
for Conservation of Nature and its irreplaceability, is
important (AZE, 2013). Marine or estuarine reserves
(Roberts et al., 2003) are types of conservation zones that
serve to protect an area for fishing in order to avoid
overharvesting or to repopulate depleted fisheries. The
existence of rare habitat is also important (e.g., a tract of
intact habitat within a disrupted estuary).
Mapping techniques: The mapping of a conservation
zone can be difficult because habitat boundaries are often
not easily recognized, especially for wide-ranging estuarine animals. Conservation zones for estuarine plants are
more easily delineated because methods used for estuarine
vegetation mapping are fairly well described (e.g., WERC
SFBE, 2013). Remote sensing is increasingly used to map
conservation zones (e.g., Yang, 2009), although ground
truthing is still an important task. Software is available to
optimize the spatial aspects of estuarine conservation zone
mapping (e.g., Marxan; see Watts et al., 2009).
Examples of estuary conservation zones: Most estuary
conservation zones are described in local, regional, or
national planning documents dealing with integrated
coastal zone management (qv). Edwards and Winn
(2006) and Edgar et al. (2010) provide case histories of
the development of estuarine conservation zones.
Bibliography
AZE (Alliance for Zero Extinction), 2013. AZE Overview. http://
www.zeroextinction.org/overviewofaze.htm (accessed September 29 2013).
Edgar, G. J., Last, P. R., Barrett, N. S., Gowlett-Holmes, K.,
Driessen, M., and Mooney, P., 2010. Conservation of natural
wilderness values in the Port Davey marine and estuarine
protected area, South-Western Tasmania. Aquatic Conservation:
Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 20, 297–311.
Edwards, A. M. C., and Winn, P. S. J., 2006. The Humber Estuary,
Eastern England: strategic planning of flood defences and habitats. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 53, 165–174.
Roberts, C. M., Branch, G., Bustamante, R. H., Castilla, J. C.,
Dugan, J., Halpern, B. S., and Warner, R., 2003. Application of
ecological criteria in selecting marine reserves and developing
reserve networks. Ecological Applications, 13(sp1), 215–228.
Watts, M. E., Ball, I. R., Stewart, R. S., Klein, C. J., Wilson, K.,
Steinback, C., and Possingham, H. P., 2009. Marxan with zones:
software for optimal conservation based land-and sea-use zoning. Environmental Modelling & Software, 24, 1513–1521.
WERC SFBE (USGS Western Ecological Research Center
San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station), 2013. Tidal Marsh
Monitoring. http://www.tidalmarshmonitoring.org/monitoringmethods-vegetation.php (accessed September 29 2013).
Yang, X. (ed.), 2009. Remote Sensing and Geospatial Technologies
for Coastal Ecosystem Assessment. Lecture Notes in
Geoinformation and Cartography, Heidelberg: Springer.
Cross-references
Estuarine Sustainability
Sustainable Use
EUTROPHICATION
Michael J. Kennish
Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences,
School of Environmental and Biological Sciences,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Synonyms
Nutrient enrichment; Organic matter enrichment
Definition
Eutrophication is a process that can severely degrade estuarine and coastal marine environments. It has been defined
differently by authors in the scientific literature. Nixon
(1995), for example, defined eutrophication as an increase
304
ESTUARY CONSERVATION ZONE