Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ESTUARIES
Volume Editor
Dr. Michael J. Kennish is a world-class estuarine scientist and a research professor in the Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences at Rutgers
University, New Brunswick, New Jersey (USA). In addition to his research on estuaries, Dr. Kennish has conducted biological and geological
research on coastal ocean and deep-sea environments. Much of his research has involved the development and application of innovative methods
to assess anthropogenic impacts and to determine the condition and health of coastal ecosystems. Dr. Kennish is the author or editor of
14 scholarly books in marine science, and he is the author or co-author of more than 170 articles in science journals and books. In addition, he has
edited seven compendium science journal special issues on various topics in marine science.
Editorial Board
Daniel M. Alongi
Australian Institute of Marine Science
Townsville, Queensland, Australia
Donald F. Boesch
University of Maryland
Cambridge, Maryland, USA
Walter R. Boynton
University of Maryland
Solomons, Maryland, USA
Carlos M. Duarte
Instituto Mediterraneo de Estudios Avanzados
Esporles Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain
Paul J. Harrison
Department of Earth & Ocean Sciences
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Robert W. Howarth
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
Lisa Levin
Integrative Oceanography Division
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
LaJolla, California, USA
Scott W. Nixon (deceased)
Graduate School of Oceanography
University of Rhode Island
Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
Aims of the Series
The Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of all the main areas in the Earth Sciences. Each volume
comprises a focused and carefully chosen collection of contributions from leading names in the subject, with copious illustrations and reference lists.
These books represent one of the world’s leading resources for the Earth Sciences community. Previous volumes are being updated and new
works published so that the volumes will continue to be essential reading for all professional earth scientists, geologists, geophysicists,
climatologists, and oceanographers as well as for teachers and students. Go to http://link.springer.com to visit the “Encyclopedia of
Earth Sciences Series” online.
About the Series Editor
Professor Charles W. Finkl has edited and/or contributed to more than eight volumes in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. For the past
25 years he has been the Executive Director of the Coastal Education and Research Foundation and Editor-in-Chief of the international Journal of
Coastal Research. In addition to these duties, he is Professor at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida, USA. He is a graduate of the
University of Western Australia (Perth) and previously worked for a wholly owned Australian subsidiary of the International Nickel Company of
Canada (INCO). During his career, he acquired field experience in Australia, the Caribbean, South America, SW Pacific islands, Southern Africa,
Western Europe, and the Pacific Northwest, Midwest, and Southeast USA.
Founding Series Editor
Professor Rhodes W. Fairbridge (deceased) has edited more than 24 Encyclopedias in the Earth Sciences Series. During his career he has worked
as a petroleum geologist in the Middle East, been a WW II intelligence officer in the SW Pacific, and led expeditions to the Sahara, Arctic Canada,
Arctic Scandinavia, Brazil, and New Guinea. He was Emeritus Professor of Geology at Columbia University and was affiliated with the Goddard
Institute for Space Studies.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ESTUARIES
Volume Editor
Dr. Michael J. Kennish is a world-class estuarine scientist and a research professor in the Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences at Rutgers
University, New Brunswick, New Jersey (USA). In addition to his research on estuaries, Dr. Kennish has conducted biological and geological
research on coastal ocean and deep-sea environments. Much of his research has involved the development and application of innovative methods
to assess anthropogenic impacts and to determine the condition and health of coastal ecosystems. Dr. Kennish is the author or editor of
14 scholarly books in marine science, and he is the author or co-author of more than 170 articles in science journals and books. In addition, he has
edited seven compendium science journal special issues on various topics in marine science.
Editorial Board
Daniel M. Alongi
Australian Institute of Marine Science
Townsville, Queensland, Australia
Donald F. Boesch
University of Maryland
Cambridge, Maryland, USA
Walter R. Boynton
University of Maryland
Solomons, Maryland, USA
Carlos M. Duarte
Instituto Mediterraneo de Estudios Avanzados
Esporles Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain
Paul J. Harrison
Department of Earth & Ocean Sciences
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Robert W. Howarth
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
Lisa Levin
Integrative Oceanography Division
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
LaJolla, California, USA
Scott W. Nixon (deceased)
Graduate School of Oceanography
University of Rhode Island
Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
Aims of the Series
The Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of all the main areas in the Earth Sciences. Each volume
comprises a focused and carefully chosen collection of contributions from leading names in the subject, with copious illustrations and reference lists.
These books represent one of the world’s leading resources for the Earth Sciences community. Previous volumes are being updated and new
works published so that the volumes will continue to be essential reading for all professional earth scientists, geologists, geophysicists,
climatologists, and oceanographers as well as for teachers and students. Go to http://link.springer.com to visit the “Encyclopedia of
Earth Sciences Series” online.
About the Series Editor
Professor Charles W. Finkl has edited and/or contributed to more than eight volumes in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. For the past
25 years he has been the Executive Director of the Coastal Education and Research Foundation and Editor-in-Chief of the international Journal of
Coastal Research. In addition to these duties, he is Professor at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida, USA. He is a graduate of the
University of Western Australia (Perth) and previously worked for a wholly owned Australian subsidiary of the International Nickel Company of
Canada (INCO). During his career, he acquired field experience in Australia, the Caribbean, South America, SW Pacific islands, Southern Africa,
Western Europe, and the Pacific Northwest, Midwest, and Southeast USA.
Founding Series Editor
Professor Rhodes W. Fairbridge (deceased) has edited more than 24 Encyclopedias in the Earth Sciences Series. During his career he has worked
as a petroleum geologist in the Middle East, been a WW II intelligence officer in the SW Pacific, and led expeditions to the Sahara, Arctic Canada,
Arctic Scandinavia, Brazil, and New Guinea. He was Emeritus Professor of Geology at Columbia University and was affiliated with the Goddard
Institute for Space Studies.