Anchored or tie-backed bulkheads require adequate
embedment (less than cantilever bulkheads), gain additional support from anchors embedded on the landward
side or from structural piles placed at a batter on the seaward side, and are usually used where higher structures
are needed. Anchored bulkheads tend to be less susceptible to toe scour; however, they require corrosion protection at the connectors (USACE, 1981).
Gravity bulkheads require strong foundation soils to
adequately support their weight (e.g., gabion baskets and
concrete blocks), do not sufficiently penetrate the ground
to develop reliable soil resistance, and are appropriate
where subsurface conditions hinder pile penetration.
Gravity bulkheads are typically low-height structures,
depend on shear resistance at the base of the bulkhead to
support the applied loads, and cannot prevent rotational
slides (USACE, 1981).
Bibliography
Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (CHL), (2013). U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers. U.S. Department of Defense. Available at
http://chl.erdc.usace.army.mil/glossary. Accessed 22 April 2013.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 1981. Low Cost Shore
Protection: Final Report on the Shoreline Erosion Control Demonstration Program. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of
Engineers.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 1984. Shore Protection
Manual, 4th edn. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering
Research Center. 2 Vols.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 2002. Coastal Engineering Manual. Engineer Manual 1110-2-1100. Washington, DC:
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 6 Vols.
Cross-references
Revetments
BULKHEADS
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