334
Drosophila 25, 31, 170
melanogaster 26, 28, 30, 33
pseudoobscura 29, 30
dry cell, hygroreception 274, 275
dung beetle, vision 188
ear 51
drum 52
ossicles 52
efference copy 177
efficient coding 179
Eigenmannia virescens 315, 325
elasmobranchs, electroreception 317
electric
eels 317
fields 313, 318
abiotic 314
biotic 314
fish 313,315
images 319
organ discharges 314
pulse type 315
wave type 315
organs 314
properties of objects 320
ray 314
signalling 174
signals 314
electrochemical hygrometer model 280,
283
electrocommunication 315
electrocytes 3 14
electrolocation 316
active 318
passive 317
electroreception 313ff
electroreceptive brain structures 324
electroreceptor
ampullary 316
organs 316
P-type organ 325
tuberous 325
T-type organ 325
elephant
eye size170
sound transmission 64
vibrations 143
Elephas maximus 143
elicitors, herbivores 260
enantiomer 247, 248
enthalpic temperature 275
environment, aquatic 313
see also aquatic habitat
environmental gradients, sound
transmission 64
Equus cabal/us 307
Index
Eremitalpa, seismic signals 130, 139, 140
Erithacus rubecula, magnetic compass
292
euphausiid shrimps 209
European robins 291
evaporation 240, 275
cooling 283
rate 240
evaporative temperature depression 283
excess attenuation, sound 85, 86
eye 191
acuity 172
facets, enlargement of209
regions 191
scaling 172
size 173, 191
falcons 170
far-red light 224
fiddler crab, vision 193ff
filiform hairs 105ff
in air112
in water 115
firefly, photopigment 23
fish 19, 170, 218, 292, 303
fish, electric 177
gymnotiform 316
mormyriform 316
notopteriform 316
siluriform 316
fish-borne wakes 162
fitness 20, 182
tests 32,
flat habitats 193
floral colors 20
flow field 197, 199, 203
flower signals 23
fly 203
firefly 23
housefly 181, 240
hoverfly 181, 195, 199
F -number, visual optics 20 I, 204, 207