Marine Dinoflagellate-Associated Human Poisoning 33.5 Toxigenic Dinoflagellate-Associated Human Poisoning 795
Part F | 33.5
Table 33.1 Marine dinoflagellates – biotoxins and the associated poisoning in humans [33.35, 48]
Poisoning in
humans
Causative dinoflagellates
(examples)
Usual
transvector(s)
Distribution
Main toxins
Action target Major
references
Paralytic
shellfish
poisoning
(PSP)
Alexandrium acatenella, A. andersonii, A. catenella, A. cohorticula,
A. fundyense, A. fraterculus,
A. leei, A. minutum, A. monilatum,
A. tamarense, A. ostenfeldii, A. pseudogonyaulax, A. tamiyavanichii,
Gymnodinium catenatum, Lingulodinium polyedrum, Pyrodinium
bahamense var. compressum, Cochlodinium catenatum, C. polykrikoides
Clams, mussels, oysters,
cockles,
gastropods,
scallops,
whelks,
lobsters, copepods, crabs,
fish
Temperate
areas worldwide
Cosmopolitan
(Northwest,
West, Northeast,
Florida)
Saxitoxins
(STXs),
Gonyautoxins
Voltage-gated
sodium
channel 1
[33.49–52]
Diarrhetic
shellfish
poisoning
(DSP)
Dinophysis acuta, D. acuminata,
D. caudata, D. fortii,D. norvegica,
D. mitra, D. rotundata, D. sacculus, D. fortii, D. miles, D. norvegica,
D. tripos, Prorocentrum. arenarium, P. balticum, P. belizeanum,
P. concavum, P. faustiae, P. hoffmannianum, P. lima, P. maculosum,
P. mexicanum, P. micans, P. minimum,
P. ruetzlerianum, P. arenarium, P. belizeanum, P. cassubicum, P. concavum,
P. faustiae, P. hoffmannianum, P. maculosum, P. reticulatum, Coolia sp.
Protoperidium oceanicum, P. pellucidum, Phalacroma rotundatum
Mussels, scallops, clams,
Gastropods
Europe, Japan,
Cold and warmtemperate
Atlantic, Pacific, Indo-Pacific
(Canada, Northeast?)
Okadaic
acid, dinophysis toxins
(DTXs),
yessotoxins
(YTXs) and
pectenotoxins
(PTXs)
Inhibitors
of protein
phosphatases
1A and 2A.
They are
possibly
carcinogenic
[33.53]
Ciguatera fish
poisoning
(CFP)
Gambierdiscus toxicus, Prorocentrum micans, P. lima, P. concavum,
P. hoffmannianum, P. mexicanum,
P. rhathytum, Gymnodinium sangieneum, Gonyaulax polyedra,
G. polygramma Ostreopsis heptagona, O. lenticularis, O. mascarenensis,
O. ovata, O. siamensis Amphidinium
sp., Coolia monotis
Fish, snail,
shrimps, crabs
Tropical coral
reefs (Southeast,
Hawaii, Puerto
Rico)
Ciguatoxins
(CTXs),
maitotoxins
(MTXs),
palytoxin,
gambierol
Voltagegated sodium
channel 5
Voltage-gated
calcium
channel
[33.53–55]
Neurotoxic
shellfish
poisoning
(NSP)
Karenia brevis, K. papilonacea,
K. sellformis, K. bicuneiformis,
K. Concordia, Procentrum borbonicum?, Gymnodinium breve,
G. catenatum, G. mikimotoi, G. pulchellum, G. veneficum Gyrodinium
galatheanum
Oyster, clams,
mussels, cockles, whelks
Gulf of Mexico, southern
USA coast, New
Zealand subtropical/warm
temperate Gulf
Coast, eastern
Florida, North
Carolina
Brevetoxins
(PbTxs)
Voltage-gated
sodium
channel 5
[33.56, 57]
33.5.1 Fish Poisoning in Humans
Fish constitute almost half the number of vertebrate
on earth, and approximately 22 000 species of fish are
contained in some 50 orders and 445 families. People love to eat marine and freshwater fish. However,
like other organisms, some tropical reef fish also ingest
some toxic dinoflagellates. The toxins become progressively concentrated as they move up the food chain from
small fish to large fish that eat them, and reach particularly high concentrations in large predatory tropical reef
fish. Barracuda are commonly associated with ciguatoxin poisoning, but eating grouper, sea bass, snapper,
mullet, and a number of other fish that live in tropi-
Part F | 33.5
Table 33.1 Marine dinoflagellates – biotoxins and the associated poisoning in humans [33.35, 48]
Poisoning in
humans
Causative dinoflagellates
(examples)
Usual
transvector(s)
Distribution
Main toxins
Action target Major
references
Paralytic
shellfish
poisoning
(PSP)
Alexandrium acatenella, A. andersonii, A. catenella, A. cohorticula,
A. fundyense, A. fraterculus,
A. leei, A. minutum, A. monilatum,
A. tamarense, A. ostenfeldii, A. pseudogonyaulax, A. tamiyavanichii,
Gymnodinium catenatum, Lingulodinium polyedrum, Pyrodinium
bahamense var. compressum, Cochlodinium catenatum, C. polykrikoides
Clams, mussels, oysters,
cockles,
gastropods,
scallops,
whelks,
lobsters, copepods, crabs,
fish
Temperate
areas worldwide
Cosmopolitan
(Northwest,
West, Northeast,
Florida)
Saxitoxins
(STXs),
Gonyautoxins
Voltage-gated
sodium
channel 1
[33.49–52]
Diarrhetic
shellfish
poisoning
(DSP)
Dinophysis acuta, D. acuminata,
D. caudata, D. fortii,D. norvegica,
D. mitra, D. rotundata, D. sacculus, D. fortii, D. miles, D. norvegica,
D. tripos, Prorocentrum. arenarium, P. balticum, P. belizeanum,
P. concavum, P. faustiae, P. hoffmannianum, P. lima, P. maculosum,
P. mexicanum, P. micans, P. minimum,
P. ruetzlerianum, P. arenarium, P. belizeanum, P. cassubicum, P. concavum,
P. faustiae, P. hoffmannianum, P. maculosum, P. reticulatum, Coolia sp.
Protoperidium oceanicum, P. pellucidum, Phalacroma rotundatum
Mussels, scallops, clams,
Gastropods
Europe, Japan,
Cold and warmtemperate
Atlantic, Pacific, Indo-Pacific
(Canada, Northeast?)
Okadaic
acid, dinophysis toxins
(DTXs),
yessotoxins
(YTXs) and
pectenotoxins
(PTXs)
Inhibitors
of protein
phosphatases
1A and 2A.
They are
possibly
carcinogenic
[33.53]
Ciguatera fish
poisoning
(CFP)
Gambierdiscus toxicus, Prorocentrum micans, P. lima, P. concavum,
P. hoffmannianum, P. mexicanum,
P. rhathytum, Gymnodinium sangieneum, Gonyaulax polyedra,
G. polygramma Ostreopsis heptagona, O. lenticularis, O. mascarenensis,
O. ovata, O. siamensis Amphidinium
sp., Coolia monotis
Fish, snail,
shrimps, crabs
Tropical coral
reefs (Southeast,
Hawaii, Puerto
Rico)
Ciguatoxins
(CTXs),
maitotoxins
(MTXs),
palytoxin,
gambierol
Voltagegated sodium
channel 5
Voltage-gated
calcium
channel
[33.53–55]
Neurotoxic
shellfish
poisoning
(NSP)
Karenia brevis, K. papilonacea,
K. sellformis, K. bicuneiformis,
K. Concordia, Procentrum borbonicum?, Gymnodinium breve,
G. catenatum, G. mikimotoi, G. pulchellum, G. veneficum Gyrodinium
galatheanum
Oyster, clams,
mussels, cockles, whelks
Gulf of Mexico, southern
USA coast, New
Zealand subtropical/warm
temperate Gulf
Coast, eastern
Florida, North
Carolina
Brevetoxins
(PbTxs)
Voltage-gated
sodium
channel 5
[33.56, 57]
33.5.1 Fish Poisoning in Humans
Fish constitute almost half the number of vertebrate
on earth, and approximately 22 000 species of fish are
contained in some 50 orders and 445 families. People love to eat marine and freshwater fish. However,
like other organisms, some tropical reef fish also ingest
some toxic dinoflagellates. The toxins become progressively concentrated as they move up the food chain from
small fish to large fish that eat them, and reach particularly high concentrations in large predatory tropical reef
fish. Barracuda are commonly associated with ciguatoxin poisoning, but eating grouper, sea bass, snapper,
mullet, and a number of other fish that live in tropi-