Part E | 27
672 Part E Marine Microbiology and Biotechnology
ular and genomic techniques to the ocean will be
driving a scientific revolution in marine microbiology
by defining marine genotypes representing the potential biological capacity, and phenotypes reflecting the
complex interactions of individuals and populations
within their physical and chemical environment and
with each other [27.108]. Furthermore, information
derived from marine adaptational responses of bioactive taxa will enable development of effective search
strategies to identify sites of bioactivity. Bacteria in
marine environments are often under extreme conditions in terms of pressure, temperature, salinity, and
depletion of micronutrients. Microbial ability to survive
and proliferate is dependent on the ability to produce
biologically active compounds [27.109]. Bacteria can
produce molecules that prevent the attachment, growth
and/or survival of challenging organisms in competitive environments [27.109] and such molecules can be
of interest for therapeutic reasons especially against
antibiotic resistant bacteria. There is now an opportunity to pair metagenomic analysis with other genomic
approaches to evaluate gene expression and bioactive
compound production which will in turn pave the way
to unprecedented discoveries [27.62]. This paired approach will also challenge our perception of community
structure and function in environmental systems as
well as offering opportunities for novel gene discovery and biotechnological advancements. Community
diversity and ecosystem functions of microorganisms
will be revealed. As a result, information deriving from
these molecular approaches will sharpen our focus during design of selective isolation techniques to culture
bioactive microorganisms. Detection of environmental function-related bioactivity and its exploitation for
pharmaceutical and biotechnological purposes will be
achieved in a relatively shorter time span. When such
approaches are combined with an improved understanding of the natural product metabolome, application of
rational approaches for more effective exploitation of
natural products will be facilitated [27.110].
References
27.1
A.T. Bull, E.M. Stach: Marine actinobacteria: New
opportunities for natural product search and discovery, Trends Microbiol. 15(11), 491–499 (2007)
27.2
P.G. Williams: Panning for chemical gold: Marine
bacteria as a source of new therapeutics, Trends
Biotechnol. 27(1), 45–52 (2008)
27.3
R.J. Quinn, J.E. Janso: Recent developments in
natural products: Potential impact on antibacterial drug discovery. In: Emerging Trends in Antibacterial Discovery: Answering the Call to Arms,
ed. by A.A. Miller, P.F. Miller (Caister Academic,
Norfolk 2011) pp. 149–169, Chap. 7
27.4
H.-P. Fiedler, C. Bruntner, J. Riedlinger, A.T. Bull,
G. Knutsen, M. Goodfellow, A. Jones, L. Maldonado, W. Pathom-aree, W. Beil, K. Schneider,
S. Keller, R.D. Süssmuth: Proximicin A, B and
C, novel aminofuran antibiotic and anticancer
compounds isolated from marine strains of the
actinomycete Verrucosispora, J. Antibiot. 61(3),
158–163 (2008)
27.5
J.W. Blunt, B.R. Copp, W.-P. Hu, M.H.G. Munro,
P.T. Northcote, M.R. Prinsep: Marine natural products, Nat. Prod. Rep. 24, 31–86 (2007)
27.6
J.W. Blunt, B.R. Copp, W.-P. Hu, M.H.G. Munro,
P.T. Northcote, M.R. Prinsep: Marine natural products, Nat. Prod. Rep. 25, 35–94 (2008)
27.7
J.W. Blunt, B.R. Copp, W.-P. Hu, M.H.G. Munro,
P.T. Northcote, M.R. Prinsep: Marine natural products, Nat. Prod. Rep. 26, 170–244 (2009)
27.8
W. Fenical: Chemical studies of marine bacteria:
Developing a new resource, Chem. Rev. 93, 1673–
1683 (1993)
27.9
S.B. Zotchev: Marine actinomycetes as an emerging resource for the drug development pipelines,
J. Biotechnol. 158, 168–175 (2012)
27.10
T.A.M. Gulder, B.S. Moore: Chasing the treasures of
the sea—bacterial marine natural products, Curr.
Opin. Microbiol. 12, 252–260 (2009)
27.11
Y. Okami: New samples for collection of sea mud,
J. Antibiot. 25, 467–468 (1972)
27.12
T. Okazaki, T. Kitahara, Y. Okami: Studies on marine microorganisms, IV. A new antibiotic SS-228
Y produced by Chainia isolated from shallow sea
mud, J. Antibiot. 28, 176–184 (1975)
27.13
P.R. Jensen, R. Dwight, W. Fenical: Distribution
of actinomycetes in near-shore tropical marine
sediments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 1102–1108
(1991)
27.14
T.J. Mincer, P.R. Jensen, C.A. Kauffman, W. Fenical:
Widespread and persistent populations of a major
new marine actinomycete taxon in ocean sediments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 5005–5011
(2002)
27.15
L. Maldonado, W. Fenical, P.R. Jensen, C. Kauffman, T. Mincer, A. Ward, A. Bull, M. Goodfellow: Salinospora arenicola gen. nov., sp. nov.
and Salinospora tropica sp. nov., obligate marine actinomycetes belonging to the family Micromonosporaceae, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.
55, 1759–1766 (2005)
27.16
P.R. Jensen, E. Gontang, C. Mafnas, T.J. Mincer, W. Fenical: Culturable marine actinomycete
diversity from tropical Pacific Ocean sediments,
Environ. Microbiol. 7, 1039–1048 (2005)
672 Part E Marine Microbiology and Biotechnology
ular and genomic techniques to the ocean will be
driving a scientific revolution in marine microbiology
by defining marine genotypes representing the potential biological capacity, and phenotypes reflecting the
complex interactions of individuals and populations
within their physical and chemical environment and
with each other [27.108]. Furthermore, information
derived from marine adaptational responses of bioactive taxa will enable development of effective search
strategies to identify sites of bioactivity. Bacteria in
marine environments are often under extreme conditions in terms of pressure, temperature, salinity, and
depletion of micronutrients. Microbial ability to survive
and proliferate is dependent on the ability to produce
biologically active compounds [27.109]. Bacteria can
produce molecules that prevent the attachment, growth
and/or survival of challenging organisms in competitive environments [27.109] and such molecules can be
of interest for therapeutic reasons especially against
antibiotic resistant bacteria. There is now an opportunity to pair metagenomic analysis with other genomic
approaches to evaluate gene expression and bioactive
compound production which will in turn pave the way
to unprecedented discoveries [27.62]. This paired approach will also challenge our perception of community
structure and function in environmental systems as
well as offering opportunities for novel gene discovery and biotechnological advancements. Community
diversity and ecosystem functions of microorganisms
will be revealed. As a result, information deriving from
these molecular approaches will sharpen our focus during design of selective isolation techniques to culture
bioactive microorganisms. Detection of environmental function-related bioactivity and its exploitation for
pharmaceutical and biotechnological purposes will be
achieved in a relatively shorter time span. When such
approaches are combined with an improved understanding of the natural product metabolome, application of
rational approaches for more effective exploitation of
natural products will be facilitated [27.110].
References
27.1
A.T. Bull, E.M. Stach: Marine actinobacteria: New
opportunities for natural product search and discovery, Trends Microbiol. 15(11), 491–499 (2007)
27.2
P.G. Williams: Panning for chemical gold: Marine
bacteria as a source of new therapeutics, Trends
Biotechnol. 27(1), 45–52 (2008)
27.3
R.J. Quinn, J.E. Janso: Recent developments in
natural products: Potential impact on antibacterial drug discovery. In: Emerging Trends in Antibacterial Discovery: Answering the Call to Arms,
ed. by A.A. Miller, P.F. Miller (Caister Academic,
Norfolk 2011) pp. 149–169, Chap. 7
27.4
H.-P. Fiedler, C. Bruntner, J. Riedlinger, A.T. Bull,
G. Knutsen, M. Goodfellow, A. Jones, L. Maldonado, W. Pathom-aree, W. Beil, K. Schneider,
S. Keller, R.D. Süssmuth: Proximicin A, B and
C, novel aminofuran antibiotic and anticancer
compounds isolated from marine strains of the
actinomycete Verrucosispora, J. Antibiot. 61(3),
158–163 (2008)
27.5
J.W. Blunt, B.R. Copp, W.-P. Hu, M.H.G. Munro,
P.T. Northcote, M.R. Prinsep: Marine natural products, Nat. Prod. Rep. 24, 31–86 (2007)
27.6
J.W. Blunt, B.R. Copp, W.-P. Hu, M.H.G. Munro,
P.T. Northcote, M.R. Prinsep: Marine natural products, Nat. Prod. Rep. 25, 35–94 (2008)
27.7
J.W. Blunt, B.R. Copp, W.-P. Hu, M.H.G. Munro,
P.T. Northcote, M.R. Prinsep: Marine natural products, Nat. Prod. Rep. 26, 170–244 (2009)
27.8
W. Fenical: Chemical studies of marine bacteria:
Developing a new resource, Chem. Rev. 93, 1673–
1683 (1993)
27.9
S.B. Zotchev: Marine actinomycetes as an emerging resource for the drug development pipelines,
J. Biotechnol. 158, 168–175 (2012)
27.10
T.A.M. Gulder, B.S. Moore: Chasing the treasures of
the sea—bacterial marine natural products, Curr.
Opin. Microbiol. 12, 252–260 (2009)
27.11
Y. Okami: New samples for collection of sea mud,
J. Antibiot. 25, 467–468 (1972)
27.12
T. Okazaki, T. Kitahara, Y. Okami: Studies on marine microorganisms, IV. A new antibiotic SS-228
Y produced by Chainia isolated from shallow sea
mud, J. Antibiot. 28, 176–184 (1975)
27.13
P.R. Jensen, R. Dwight, W. Fenical: Distribution
of actinomycetes in near-shore tropical marine
sediments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 1102–1108
(1991)
27.14
T.J. Mincer, P.R. Jensen, C.A. Kauffman, W. Fenical:
Widespread and persistent populations of a major
new marine actinomycete taxon in ocean sediments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 5005–5011
(2002)
27.15
L. Maldonado, W. Fenical, P.R. Jensen, C. Kauffman, T. Mincer, A. Ward, A. Bull, M. Goodfellow: Salinospora arenicola gen. nov., sp. nov.
and Salinospora tropica sp. nov., obligate marine actinomycetes belonging to the family Micromonosporaceae, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.
55, 1759–1766 (2005)
27.16
P.R. Jensen, E. Gontang, C. Mafnas, T.J. Mincer, W. Fenical: Culturable marine actinomycete
diversity from tropical Pacific Ocean sediments,
Environ. Microbiol. 7, 1039–1048 (2005)