Marine Enzymes – Production and Applications References 425
Part B | 14
achieved at low temperatures. Moreover, cryophilic
enzymes can simply be deactivated by a small shift
in temperature. With respect to mass transfer and
viscosity, elevated temperatures for biocatalytic processes can be desirable for several applications, thus
thermo- or even hyperthermophilic marine enzymes are
of great interest for this type of industrially relevant
enzymes.
However, cultivation and expression of natural producing strains often represent a bottleneck for enzyme
supply. Therefore, novel cultivation techniques must be
introduced at lab scale but also examined and transferred to pilot scale, respectively. The cultivation of
(single-species and mixed-species) biofilms is still in its
infancy, but the examples presented here give an idea
of the potential of this approach. One should bear in
mind that up until now only a small fraction of marine
bacterial diversity is accessible. Molecular biology and
intensification of metagenome approaches may support
the identification of many novel genes and enzymes,
which will expand the pool of enzymes applicable for
industrial processes in the near future.
References
14.1
W. Bergmann, R.J. Feeney: Contributions to the
study of marine products. XXXII. The nucleosides
of sponges.1, J. Org. Chem. 16, 981–987 (1951)
14.2
T.F. Molinski, D.S. Dalisay, S.L. Lievens,
J.P. Saludes: Drug development from marine
natural products, Nature Rev. Drug Discov. 8,
69–85 (2009)
14.3
P. Proksch, R.A. Edrada, R. Ebel: Drugs from the
seas - current status and microbiological implications, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 59, 125–134
(2002)
14.4
D. Boettger, C. Hertweck: Molecular diversity
sculpted by fungal PKS-NRPS hybrids, Chembiochem 14, 28–42 (2013)
14.5
G. Debashish, S. Malay, S. Barindra, M. Joydeep:
Marine enzymes, Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol
96, 189–218 (2005)
14.6
B. Austin: Marine microbiology (Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge [Cambridgeshire], New York
1988)
14.7
F. Schut, E.J. de Vries, J.C. Gottschal, B.R. Robertson, W. Harder, R.A. Prins, D.K. Button: Isolation
of typical marine bacteria by dilution culture:
growth, maintenance, and characteristics of isolates under laboratory conditions, Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 59, 2150–2160 (1993)
14.8
M. Gledhill, C.M.G. van Den Berg: Determination
of complexation of iron (III) with natural organic
complexing ligands in seawater using cathodic
stripping voltammetry, Marine Chem. 47, 41–54
(1994)
14.9
P.D. Tortell, M.T. Maldonado, J. Granger,
N.M. Price: Marine bacteria and biogeochemical
cycling of iron in the oceans, FEMS Microbiol.
Ecol. 29, 1–11 (1999)
14.10
J.B. Neilands: Siderophores: structure and function of microbial iron transport compounds,
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 26723–26726 (1995)
14.11
C.E. Zobell: Studies on marine bacteria I The
cultural requirements of heterotrophic aerobes,
J. Mar. Res. 4, 42–75 (1941)
14.12
A.M. Stock, V.L. Robinson, P.N. Goudreau: Twocomponent signal transduction, Annu. Rev.
Biochem. 69, 183–215 (2000)
14.13
W.C. Fuqua, S.C. Winans, E.P. Greenberg: Quorum sensing in bacteria - The LuxR-LuxI family
of cell density-responsive transcriptional regulators, J. Bacteriology 176, 269–275 (1994)
14.14
S. Schauder, B.L. Bassler: The languages of bacteria, Gene Dev. 15, 1468–1480 (2001)
14.15
J.W. Hastings, K.H. Nealson: Bacterial bioluminescence, Annu. Rev. Microbiology 31, 549–595
(1977)
14.16
K.H. Nealson, J.W. Hastings: Bacterial bioluminescence: its control and ecological significance,
Microbiology Rev. 43, 496–518 (1979)
14.17
M. Kleerebezem, L.E. Quadri, O.P. Kuipers,
W.M. de Vos: Quorum sensing by peptide
pheromones and two-component signaltransduction systems in Gram-positive bacteria,
Mol. Microbiology 24, 895–904 (1997)
14.18
B.A. Lazazzera, A.D. Grossman: The ins and outs
of peptide signaling, Trends Microbiol. 6, 288–294
(1998)
14.19
N.A. Whitehead, A.M. Barnard, H. Slater,
N.J. Simpson, G.P. Salmond: Quorum-sensing in
Gram-negative bacteria, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 25,
365–404 (2001)
14.20
L. Yan, K.G. Boyd, J. Grant Burgess: Surface attachment induced production of antimicrobial
compounds by marine epiphytic bacteria using modified roller bottle cultivation, Marine
Biotechnol 4, 356–366 (2002)
14.21
L. Yan, K.G. Boyd, D.R. Adams, J.G. Burgess:
Biofilm-specific cross-species induction of antimicrobial compounds in bacilli, Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 69, 3719–3727 (2003)
14.22
S. Mitra, S. Sarkar, R. Gachhui, J. Mukherjee: A
novel conico-cylindrical flask aids easy identification of critical process parameters for cultivation of marine bacteria, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 90, 321–330 (2011)
Part B | 14
achieved at low temperatures. Moreover, cryophilic
enzymes can simply be deactivated by a small shift
in temperature. With respect to mass transfer and
viscosity, elevated temperatures for biocatalytic processes can be desirable for several applications, thus
thermo- or even hyperthermophilic marine enzymes are
of great interest for this type of industrially relevant
enzymes.
However, cultivation and expression of natural producing strains often represent a bottleneck for enzyme
supply. Therefore, novel cultivation techniques must be
introduced at lab scale but also examined and transferred to pilot scale, respectively. The cultivation of
(single-species and mixed-species) biofilms is still in its
infancy, but the examples presented here give an idea
of the potential of this approach. One should bear in
mind that up until now only a small fraction of marine
bacterial diversity is accessible. Molecular biology and
intensification of metagenome approaches may support
the identification of many novel genes and enzymes,
which will expand the pool of enzymes applicable for
industrial processes in the near future.
References
14.1
W. Bergmann, R.J. Feeney: Contributions to the
study of marine products. XXXII. The nucleosides
of sponges.1, J. Org. Chem. 16, 981–987 (1951)
14.2
T.F. Molinski, D.S. Dalisay, S.L. Lievens,
J.P. Saludes: Drug development from marine
natural products, Nature Rev. Drug Discov. 8,
69–85 (2009)
14.3
P. Proksch, R.A. Edrada, R. Ebel: Drugs from the
seas - current status and microbiological implications, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 59, 125–134
(2002)
14.4
D. Boettger, C. Hertweck: Molecular diversity
sculpted by fungal PKS-NRPS hybrids, Chembiochem 14, 28–42 (2013)
14.5
G. Debashish, S. Malay, S. Barindra, M. Joydeep:
Marine enzymes, Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol
96, 189–218 (2005)
14.6
B. Austin: Marine microbiology (Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge [Cambridgeshire], New York
1988)
14.7
F. Schut, E.J. de Vries, J.C. Gottschal, B.R. Robertson, W. Harder, R.A. Prins, D.K. Button: Isolation
of typical marine bacteria by dilution culture:
growth, maintenance, and characteristics of isolates under laboratory conditions, Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 59, 2150–2160 (1993)
14.8
M. Gledhill, C.M.G. van Den Berg: Determination
of complexation of iron (III) with natural organic
complexing ligands in seawater using cathodic
stripping voltammetry, Marine Chem. 47, 41–54
(1994)
14.9
P.D. Tortell, M.T. Maldonado, J. Granger,
N.M. Price: Marine bacteria and biogeochemical
cycling of iron in the oceans, FEMS Microbiol.
Ecol. 29, 1–11 (1999)
14.10
J.B. Neilands: Siderophores: structure and function of microbial iron transport compounds,
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 26723–26726 (1995)
14.11
C.E. Zobell: Studies on marine bacteria I The
cultural requirements of heterotrophic aerobes,
J. Mar. Res. 4, 42–75 (1941)
14.12
A.M. Stock, V.L. Robinson, P.N. Goudreau: Twocomponent signal transduction, Annu. Rev.
Biochem. 69, 183–215 (2000)
14.13
W.C. Fuqua, S.C. Winans, E.P. Greenberg: Quorum sensing in bacteria - The LuxR-LuxI family
of cell density-responsive transcriptional regulators, J. Bacteriology 176, 269–275 (1994)
14.14
S. Schauder, B.L. Bassler: The languages of bacteria, Gene Dev. 15, 1468–1480 (2001)
14.15
J.W. Hastings, K.H. Nealson: Bacterial bioluminescence, Annu. Rev. Microbiology 31, 549–595
(1977)
14.16
K.H. Nealson, J.W. Hastings: Bacterial bioluminescence: its control and ecological significance,
Microbiology Rev. 43, 496–518 (1979)
14.17
M. Kleerebezem, L.E. Quadri, O.P. Kuipers,
W.M. de Vos: Quorum sensing by peptide
pheromones and two-component signaltransduction systems in Gram-positive bacteria,
Mol. Microbiology 24, 895–904 (1997)
14.18
B.A. Lazazzera, A.D. Grossman: The ins and outs
of peptide signaling, Trends Microbiol. 6, 288–294
(1998)
14.19
N.A. Whitehead, A.M. Barnard, H. Slater,
N.J. Simpson, G.P. Salmond: Quorum-sensing in
Gram-negative bacteria, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 25,
365–404 (2001)
14.20
L. Yan, K.G. Boyd, J. Grant Burgess: Surface attachment induced production of antimicrobial
compounds by marine epiphytic bacteria using modified roller bottle cultivation, Marine
Biotechnol 4, 356–366 (2002)
14.21
L. Yan, K.G. Boyd, D.R. Adams, J.G. Burgess:
Biofilm-specific cross-species induction of antimicrobial compounds in bacilli, Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 69, 3719–3727 (2003)
14.22
S. Mitra, S. Sarkar, R. Gachhui, J. Mukherjee: A
novel conico-cylindrical flask aids easy identification of critical process parameters for cultivation of marine bacteria, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 90, 321–330 (2011)