Part B | 13
406 Part B Tools and Methods in Marine Biotechnology
the myostatin gene causes double muscling in animals,
resulting in a significant increase in the mass of skeletal muscle. Natural mutation of the myostatin gene has
been found in the meaty Belgian Blue and Piedmontese cattle, and the double muscling effect has been
observed in mice whose myostatin gene was artificially
inactivated [13.151, 152]. Such a gene-inactivation approach would be very valuable in producing transgenic
fish with more flesh and of a higher food conversion
rate, particularly for the economically important aquaculture species.
In summary, the application of transgenic technology in marine organisms has resulted in many valuable
discoveries in basic biological science, many of which
could lead to the next breakthrough for new cures for
human diseases. On the other hand, the potential of
transgenic marine organisms as bioreactors or as new
renewable energy sources should not be deterred by environmental and safety concerns, but instead requires
more research effort in the future to develop new GM
species with beneficial traits that are safe to human
health and also carry no harm to the environment.
References
13.1
T.T. Chen, D.A. Powers: Transgenic fish, Trends
Biotechnol. 8, 209–215 (1990)
13.2
G.L. Fletcher, P.L. Davis: Transgenic fish for aquaculture. In: Genetic Engineering, Vol. 13, ed. by
J.K. Setlow (Plenum, New York 1991) pp. 331–
370
13.3
P.B. Hackett: The molecular biology of transgenic
fish. In: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of
Fish 2, ed. by P.W. Hochachka, T.P. Mommsen (Elsevier, B.V. 1993) pp. 207–240
13.4
P.P. Chiou, J. Khoo, C.Z. Chun, T.T. Chen: Transgenic fish. In: Genomics and Genetics, ed. by R.
A. Meyer (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2007) pp. 831–861
13.5
J.K. Lu, T.T. Chen, S.K. Allen, T. Matsubara,
J.C. Burns: Production of transgenic dwarf surfclams, Mulinia lateralis, with Pantropic retroviral
vectors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 3482–3486
(1996)
13.6
S.-H. Chang, B.-C. Lee, Y.-D. Chen, Y.-C. Lee, H.J. Tsai: Development of transgenic zooplankton
Artemina as a bioreactor to produce exogenous
protein, Transgenes. Res. 20, 1099–1111 (2011)
13.7
H.L. Chen, S.S. Li, R. Huang, H.-J. Tsai: Conditional
production of functional fish growth hormone in
the transgenic line of Nannochoculata (Eustigmatophyceae), J. Phycol. 44, 768–776 (2008)
13.8
S. Qin, P. Jiang, C. Tsang: Transforming kelp into
a marine bioreactor, Trends Biotechnol. 23(5),
264–268 (2008)
13.9
A.B. Core, A.E. Royna, E.A. Bradham: Pantropic
retrovirasus as a transduction tool for sea urchin
embryos, Proc. Natl. Aca. Sci. USA 109, 5334–5339
(2012)
13.10
Z. Lu, B. Moav, A.J. Faras, K. Guise, A.R. Kapuscinski, P.B. Hackett: Functional analysis of elements
affecting expression of the ˇ-actin gene of carp,
Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 3432–3440 (1990)
13.11
J.K. Lu, B.H. Fu, J.L. Wu, T.T. Chen: Production of
transgenic silver sea bream (Sparus sarba) by different gene transfer methods, Mar. Biotechnol. 4,
328–337 (2002)
13.12
M.C. Halloran, M. Sato-Maeda, J.T. Warren, F. Su,
Z. Lele, H.P. Krone, J.Y. Kuwada, W. Shoji: Laserinduced gene expression in specific cells of
transgenic zebrafish, Development 127, 1953–1960
(2000)
13.13
T.T. Chen, D.A. Powers, C.M. Lin, K. Kight,
M. Hayat, N. Chatakondi, A.C. Ramboux, P.L. Duncan, R.A. Dunham: Expression and inheritance
of RSVLTR- rtGH1 cDNA in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 2, 88–95
(1993)
13.14
T.T. Chen, C.M. Lin, Z. Zhu, L.I. GonzalezVillasenor, R.A. Dunham, D.A. Powers: Gene
transfer, expression and inheritance of rainbow
trout growth hormone gene in carp and loach.
In: Transgenic Models in Medicine and Agriculture, ed. by R. Church (Wiley, New York 1990) pp.
127–139
13.15
S.J. Du , G.L. Gong, G.L. Fletcher, M.A. Shears,
M.J. King, D.R. Idler, C.L. Hew: Growth enhancement in transgenic Atlantic salmon by the use of
an all fish chimeric growth hormone gene construct, Bio. Technol. 10, 176–181 (1992)
13.16
R.A. Dunham, A.C. Ramboux, P.L. Duncan, M. Hayat, T.T. Chen, C.M. Lin, K. Kight,
L.I. Gonzalez-Villasenor, D.A. Powers: Transfer,
expression and inheritance of salmonid growth
hormone genes in channel catfish, Ictalarus
punctatus, and effects on performance traits,
Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 1, 380–389 (1992)
13.17
G.M. Her, C.C. Chiang, J.L. Wu, J.L. : Zebrafish intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) gene
promoter drives gut-specific expression in stable
transgenic fish, Genesis 38, 26–31 (2004)
13.18
K. Ozato, H. Kondoh, H. Inohara, T. Iwanatsu,
Y. Wakamatusu, T.S. Okada: Production of transgenic fish: introduction and expression of chicken
ı-crystallin gene in medaka embryos, Cell Differ.
19, 237–244 (1986)
13.19
M.A. Shears, G.L. Fletcher, C.L. Hew, S. Gauthier,
P.L. Davies: Transfer, expression, and stable in-
406 Part B Tools and Methods in Marine Biotechnology
the myostatin gene causes double muscling in animals,
resulting in a significant increase in the mass of skeletal muscle. Natural mutation of the myostatin gene has
been found in the meaty Belgian Blue and Piedmontese cattle, and the double muscling effect has been
observed in mice whose myostatin gene was artificially
inactivated [13.151, 152]. Such a gene-inactivation approach would be very valuable in producing transgenic
fish with more flesh and of a higher food conversion
rate, particularly for the economically important aquaculture species.
In summary, the application of transgenic technology in marine organisms has resulted in many valuable
discoveries in basic biological science, many of which
could lead to the next breakthrough for new cures for
human diseases. On the other hand, the potential of
transgenic marine organisms as bioreactors or as new
renewable energy sources should not be deterred by environmental and safety concerns, but instead requires
more research effort in the future to develop new GM
species with beneficial traits that are safe to human
health and also carry no harm to the environment.
References
13.1
T.T. Chen, D.A. Powers: Transgenic fish, Trends
Biotechnol. 8, 209–215 (1990)
13.2
G.L. Fletcher, P.L. Davis: Transgenic fish for aquaculture. In: Genetic Engineering, Vol. 13, ed. by
J.K. Setlow (Plenum, New York 1991) pp. 331–
370
13.3
P.B. Hackett: The molecular biology of transgenic
fish. In: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of
Fish 2, ed. by P.W. Hochachka, T.P. Mommsen (Elsevier, B.V. 1993) pp. 207–240
13.4
P.P. Chiou, J. Khoo, C.Z. Chun, T.T. Chen: Transgenic fish. In: Genomics and Genetics, ed. by R.
A. Meyer (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2007) pp. 831–861
13.5
J.K. Lu, T.T. Chen, S.K. Allen, T. Matsubara,
J.C. Burns: Production of transgenic dwarf surfclams, Mulinia lateralis, with Pantropic retroviral
vectors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 3482–3486
(1996)
13.6
S.-H. Chang, B.-C. Lee, Y.-D. Chen, Y.-C. Lee, H.J. Tsai: Development of transgenic zooplankton
Artemina as a bioreactor to produce exogenous
protein, Transgenes. Res. 20, 1099–1111 (2011)
13.7
H.L. Chen, S.S. Li, R. Huang, H.-J. Tsai: Conditional
production of functional fish growth hormone in
the transgenic line of Nannochoculata (Eustigmatophyceae), J. Phycol. 44, 768–776 (2008)
13.8
S. Qin, P. Jiang, C. Tsang: Transforming kelp into
a marine bioreactor, Trends Biotechnol. 23(5),
264–268 (2008)
13.9
A.B. Core, A.E. Royna, E.A. Bradham: Pantropic
retrovirasus as a transduction tool for sea urchin
embryos, Proc. Natl. Aca. Sci. USA 109, 5334–5339
(2012)
13.10
Z. Lu, B. Moav, A.J. Faras, K. Guise, A.R. Kapuscinski, P.B. Hackett: Functional analysis of elements
affecting expression of the ˇ-actin gene of carp,
Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 3432–3440 (1990)
13.11
J.K. Lu, B.H. Fu, J.L. Wu, T.T. Chen: Production of
transgenic silver sea bream (Sparus sarba) by different gene transfer methods, Mar. Biotechnol. 4,
328–337 (2002)
13.12
M.C. Halloran, M. Sato-Maeda, J.T. Warren, F. Su,
Z. Lele, H.P. Krone, J.Y. Kuwada, W. Shoji: Laserinduced gene expression in specific cells of
transgenic zebrafish, Development 127, 1953–1960
(2000)
13.13
T.T. Chen, D.A. Powers, C.M. Lin, K. Kight,
M. Hayat, N. Chatakondi, A.C. Ramboux, P.L. Duncan, R.A. Dunham: Expression and inheritance
of RSVLTR- rtGH1 cDNA in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 2, 88–95
(1993)
13.14
T.T. Chen, C.M. Lin, Z. Zhu, L.I. GonzalezVillasenor, R.A. Dunham, D.A. Powers: Gene
transfer, expression and inheritance of rainbow
trout growth hormone gene in carp and loach.
In: Transgenic Models in Medicine and Agriculture, ed. by R. Church (Wiley, New York 1990) pp.
127–139
13.15
S.J. Du , G.L. Gong, G.L. Fletcher, M.A. Shears,
M.J. King, D.R. Idler, C.L. Hew: Growth enhancement in transgenic Atlantic salmon by the use of
an all fish chimeric growth hormone gene construct, Bio. Technol. 10, 176–181 (1992)
13.16
R.A. Dunham, A.C. Ramboux, P.L. Duncan, M. Hayat, T.T. Chen, C.M. Lin, K. Kight,
L.I. Gonzalez-Villasenor, D.A. Powers: Transfer,
expression and inheritance of salmonid growth
hormone genes in channel catfish, Ictalarus
punctatus, and effects on performance traits,
Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 1, 380–389 (1992)
13.17
G.M. Her, C.C. Chiang, J.L. Wu, J.L. : Zebrafish intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) gene
promoter drives gut-specific expression in stable
transgenic fish, Genesis 38, 26–31 (2004)
13.18
K. Ozato, H. Kondoh, H. Inohara, T. Iwanatsu,
Y. Wakamatusu, T.S. Okada: Production of transgenic fish: introduction and expression of chicken
ı-crystallin gene in medaka embryos, Cell Differ.
19, 237–244 (1986)
13.19
M.A. Shears, G.L. Fletcher, C.L. Hew, S. Gauthier,
P.L. Davies: Transfer, expression, and stable in-