Contents XXIX
54.3 Alginate .................................................................. 1221
References ....................................................................... 1224
55 Marine Organisms in Nanoparticle Synthesis
Pallavi Mohite, Mugdha Apte, Ameeta R. Kumar, Smita Zinjarde ........... 1229
55.1 Basic Concepts in Nanotechnology..................................... 1229
55.2 Marine Ecosystems ...................................................... 1231
55.3 Nanostructures Inherently Produced by Marine Organisms .......... 1231
55.4 Metal Interactions in Marine Biological Forms ........................ 1231
55.5 Bacteria in Nanoparticle Synthesis..................................... 1232
55.6 Fungi in the Synthesis of Nanomaterials .............................. 1236
55.7 Algae in the Synthesis of Nanoparticles ............................... 1239
55.8 Marine Plants in Nanoparticle Synthesis .............................. 1240
55.9 Nanoparticle Synthesis by Sponges .................................... 1241
55.10 Mechanistic Aspects ..................................................... 1241
55.11 Current Understanding and Future Needs............................. 1242
References ....................................................................... 1242
56 Marine Biomaterials in Therapeutics and Diagnostics
Ashutosh Srivastava, Arti Srivastava, Ananya Srivastava,
Pranjal Chandra ................................................................. 1247
56.1 Biomaterials ............................................................. 1247
56.2 Classification of Biomaterials........................................... 1248
56.3 Marine Biodiversity...................................................... 1249
56.4 Biomaterials from Marine Origin ....................................... 1249
56.5 Status of Marine Natural Product as Therapeutic Agents ............. 1252
56.6 Marine Resources for Medical Diagnostic Devices..................... 1255
References ....................................................................... 1260
57 Enzymatically Synthesized Biosilica
Xiaohong Wang, Heinz C. Schröder, Werner E.G. Müller...................... 1265
57.1 The Sponges: The Earliest Ancestor of the Metazoa .................. 1265
57.2 Silicatein-Based Siliceous Spicule Formation ......................... 1266
57.3 Spiculogenesis ........................................................... 1268
57.4 Bio-Silica: The Enzymatically Formed Scaffold
of Siliceous Sponge Spicules............................................ 1270
57.5 ............................................................................ 1271
57.6 Bio-Silica: The Osteogenic Bioinorganic Polymer ..................... 1272
57.7 Future Design of Novel Bioinspired, Silica-Based Materials ......... 1273
References ....................................................................... 1274
58 Biomineralization in Marine Organisms
Ille C. Gebeshuber ............................................................... 1279
58.1 Overview ................................................................. 1279
58.2 Materials – Biominerals ................................................ 1281
58.3 Materials – Proteins Controlling Biomineralization .................. 1290
58.4 Organisms and Structures That They Biomineralize................... 1290
54.3 Alginate .................................................................. 1221
References ....................................................................... 1224
55 Marine Organisms in Nanoparticle Synthesis
Pallavi Mohite, Mugdha Apte, Ameeta R. Kumar, Smita Zinjarde ........... 1229
55.1 Basic Concepts in Nanotechnology..................................... 1229
55.2 Marine Ecosystems ...................................................... 1231
55.3 Nanostructures Inherently Produced by Marine Organisms .......... 1231
55.4 Metal Interactions in Marine Biological Forms ........................ 1231
55.5 Bacteria in Nanoparticle Synthesis..................................... 1232
55.6 Fungi in the Synthesis of Nanomaterials .............................. 1236
55.7 Algae in the Synthesis of Nanoparticles ............................... 1239
55.8 Marine Plants in Nanoparticle Synthesis .............................. 1240
55.9 Nanoparticle Synthesis by Sponges .................................... 1241
55.10 Mechanistic Aspects ..................................................... 1241
55.11 Current Understanding and Future Needs............................. 1242
References ....................................................................... 1242
56 Marine Biomaterials in Therapeutics and Diagnostics
Ashutosh Srivastava, Arti Srivastava, Ananya Srivastava,
Pranjal Chandra ................................................................. 1247
56.1 Biomaterials ............................................................. 1247
56.2 Classification of Biomaterials........................................... 1248
56.3 Marine Biodiversity...................................................... 1249
56.4 Biomaterials from Marine Origin ....................................... 1249
56.5 Status of Marine Natural Product as Therapeutic Agents ............. 1252
56.6 Marine Resources for Medical Diagnostic Devices..................... 1255
References ....................................................................... 1260
57 Enzymatically Synthesized Biosilica
Xiaohong Wang, Heinz C. Schröder, Werner E.G. Müller...................... 1265
57.1 The Sponges: The Earliest Ancestor of the Metazoa .................. 1265
57.2 Silicatein-Based Siliceous Spicule Formation ......................... 1266
57.3 Spiculogenesis ........................................................... 1268
57.4 Bio-Silica: The Enzymatically Formed Scaffold
of Siliceous Sponge Spicules............................................ 1270
57.5 ............................................................................ 1271
57.6 Bio-Silica: The Osteogenic Bioinorganic Polymer ..................... 1272
57.7 Future Design of Novel Bioinspired, Silica-Based Materials ......... 1273
References ....................................................................... 1274
58 Biomineralization in Marine Organisms
Ille C. Gebeshuber ............................................................... 1279
58.1 Overview ................................................................. 1279
58.2 Materials – Biominerals ................................................ 1281
58.3 Materials – Proteins Controlling Biomineralization .................. 1290
58.4 Organisms and Structures That They Biomineralize................... 1290