Part A | 7.2
190 Part A Marine Flora and Fauna
Chabrolonaphthoquinone B, chabrolobenzoquinones
E–H and chabrolohydroxybenzoquinones E–G were
isolated as mildly cytotoxic constituents of N. chabrolii [7.211]. Furthermore, three new steroids,
chabrolosteroids A and B, and C, were isolated from
the Taiwanese N. chabrolii [7.212], from which
chabrolosteroid B exhibited weak cytotoxicity toward
the Hep 3B (IC 50 D 19:9 g mL
1 ) cancer cell line.
The diterpene pacificins, isolated from Taiwanese
N. pacifica were mildly cytotoxic [7.213]. The extract
of the Formosan Stereonephthya crystalliana showed
significant cytotoxicity to A549, HT-29, and P-388
cell cultures [7.214]. A novel unusual pentacyclic
hemiacetal sterol, nephthoacetal, was isolated from
Nephthea sp.; it exhibited a significant inhibitory effect
with an EC 50 value of 2:5 g mL
1 and moderate
cytotoxicity against HeLa cells with IC 50 values of
12:3 g mL
1 [7.215].
Genus Dendronephthya (D Spongodes)
Isogosterones found in Dendronephthya sp. were reported to inhibit larvae settlement at low concentrations
(ca. 2:2 g mL
1 ), which makes them promising as
nontoxic antifoulants [7.118]. Dendronesterol B from
the Japanese D. gigantia was shown to be mildly cytotoxic [7.216]. Tissue extracts of Dendronephthya sp.
showed antibacterial activity against epibiont bacteria [7.217]. Two steroids, 3-oxocholest-1,22-dien-12ˇol and 3-oxocholest-1,4-dien-20ˇ-ol from D. gigantea showed notable inhibitory activity against farnesoid X-activated receptors (FXR) with IC 50 s of 14
and 15 M [7.218]. The Chinese Spongodes (Dendronephthya) sp. yielded a steroid, methyl spongoate, found to have cytotoxicity against BEL-7402
at a moderately low concentration [7.219]. The Chinese Dendronephthya sp. resulted in the isolation of 18
new cembranoid diterpenes, namely, dendronpholides
AR, along with 11-episinulariolide and an enantiomer of sandensolide; the cytotoxicity of several
compounds against human tumor cell lines was also
evaluated [7.220]. D. griffini yielded griffinisterones
F–I, which were found to significantly inhibit the accumulation of the pro-inflammatory iNOS protein of
the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells at
10 M [7.221].
Genus Gersemia
Gersemia fruticosa, a cold water species of the
White Sea (Arctic Ocean), presented polar sterols,
among which 9,11-secosterol was found to be endowed with cytotoxicity and 5,6-epoxy sterol was
highly antiproliferative [7.222, 223]. Antibacterial effects were observed in the extract of sub-Arctic G. rubiformis [7.224]. The Antarctic G. antarctjca released
metabolites containing a 1 W 1 mixture of homarine and
trigonein that served antibacterial roles to the surrounding seawater [7.225].
Genus Capnella
Capnella thyrsoidea yielded a series of xenicane
diterpenes, e.g., the anti-inflammatory tsitsixenicin
A [7.226]. C. imbricata is known for producing
a range of sesquiterpene alcohols known as capnellenes [7.227]. All the capnellene compounds identified by [7.228] were cytotoxic in all cell lines,
including renal leiomyoblastoma, ovarian, promyelogenous leukaemia, and HL-60 as well as K562
leukaemia cancer cell lines (IC 50 values 0:74500)
with the greatest activity against K562 leukaemia.
A study on the Formosan C. imbricata revealed
three anti-inflammatory capnellenes and a calamenene,
which showed more specific inhibition (IC 50 D 10 M)
against the up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory iNOS
and COX-2 proteins of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7
macrophage cells [7.229]. Capnellenes, GB9 and
GB10, were also found to have antineuroinflammatory and antinociceptive properties in IFN-gammastimulated microglial cells and in neuropathic rats,
respectively [7.230].
Genus Litophyton
Litosterol, a C-19 hydroxysteroid, was isolated from
an Okinawan octocoral Litophyton viridis. It inhibited 90% of the growth of M. tuberculosis
with an MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of
3:13 g mL
1 [7.231]. Litophynols A, B, and litophynins E, H, and I monoacetate isolated from the
mucus secreted by Litophyton sp. were reported to possess hemolytic activity [7.232].
Genus Lemnalia
The Kenyan Lemnalia flava yielded lemnaflavoside
and three monoacetate derivatives [7.233]. Lemnalol
isolated from the Formosan L. cervicorni produced
anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in carrageenaninjected rats. As a potential therapeutic agent for neuropathic pain, lemnalol, in a single intrathecal administration (0:0510 g) was demonstrated to significantly
attenuate thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) in
a well-established rat model, 14 days postsurgery. Lemnalol (10 g) also significantly inhibited CCI-induced
190 Part A Marine Flora and Fauna
Chabrolonaphthoquinone B, chabrolobenzoquinones
E–H and chabrolohydroxybenzoquinones E–G were
isolated as mildly cytotoxic constituents of N. chabrolii [7.211]. Furthermore, three new steroids,
chabrolosteroids A and B, and C, were isolated from
the Taiwanese N. chabrolii [7.212], from which
chabrolosteroid B exhibited weak cytotoxicity toward
the Hep 3B (IC 50 D 19:9 g mL
1 ) cancer cell line.
The diterpene pacificins, isolated from Taiwanese
N. pacifica were mildly cytotoxic [7.213]. The extract
of the Formosan Stereonephthya crystalliana showed
significant cytotoxicity to A549, HT-29, and P-388
cell cultures [7.214]. A novel unusual pentacyclic
hemiacetal sterol, nephthoacetal, was isolated from
Nephthea sp.; it exhibited a significant inhibitory effect
with an EC 50 value of 2:5 g mL
1 and moderate
cytotoxicity against HeLa cells with IC 50 values of
12:3 g mL
1 [7.215].
Genus Dendronephthya (D Spongodes)
Isogosterones found in Dendronephthya sp. were reported to inhibit larvae settlement at low concentrations
(ca. 2:2 g mL
1 ), which makes them promising as
nontoxic antifoulants [7.118]. Dendronesterol B from
the Japanese D. gigantia was shown to be mildly cytotoxic [7.216]. Tissue extracts of Dendronephthya sp.
showed antibacterial activity against epibiont bacteria [7.217]. Two steroids, 3-oxocholest-1,22-dien-12ˇol and 3-oxocholest-1,4-dien-20ˇ-ol from D. gigantea showed notable inhibitory activity against farnesoid X-activated receptors (FXR) with IC 50 s of 14
and 15 M [7.218]. The Chinese Spongodes (Dendronephthya) sp. yielded a steroid, methyl spongoate, found to have cytotoxicity against BEL-7402
at a moderately low concentration [7.219]. The Chinese Dendronephthya sp. resulted in the isolation of 18
new cembranoid diterpenes, namely, dendronpholides
AR, along with 11-episinulariolide and an enantiomer of sandensolide; the cytotoxicity of several
compounds against human tumor cell lines was also
evaluated [7.220]. D. griffini yielded griffinisterones
F–I, which were found to significantly inhibit the accumulation of the pro-inflammatory iNOS protein of
the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells at
10 M [7.221].
Genus Gersemia
Gersemia fruticosa, a cold water species of the
White Sea (Arctic Ocean), presented polar sterols,
among which 9,11-secosterol was found to be endowed with cytotoxicity and 5,6-epoxy sterol was
highly antiproliferative [7.222, 223]. Antibacterial effects were observed in the extract of sub-Arctic G. rubiformis [7.224]. The Antarctic G. antarctjca released
metabolites containing a 1 W 1 mixture of homarine and
trigonein that served antibacterial roles to the surrounding seawater [7.225].
Genus Capnella
Capnella thyrsoidea yielded a series of xenicane
diterpenes, e.g., the anti-inflammatory tsitsixenicin
A [7.226]. C. imbricata is known for producing
a range of sesquiterpene alcohols known as capnellenes [7.227]. All the capnellene compounds identified by [7.228] were cytotoxic in all cell lines,
including renal leiomyoblastoma, ovarian, promyelogenous leukaemia, and HL-60 as well as K562
leukaemia cancer cell lines (IC 50 values 0:74500)
with the greatest activity against K562 leukaemia.
A study on the Formosan C. imbricata revealed
three anti-inflammatory capnellenes and a calamenene,
which showed more specific inhibition (IC 50 D 10 M)
against the up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory iNOS
and COX-2 proteins of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7
macrophage cells [7.229]. Capnellenes, GB9 and
GB10, were also found to have antineuroinflammatory and antinociceptive properties in IFN-gammastimulated microglial cells and in neuropathic rats,
respectively [7.230].
Genus Litophyton
Litosterol, a C-19 hydroxysteroid, was isolated from
an Okinawan octocoral Litophyton viridis. It inhibited 90% of the growth of M. tuberculosis
with an MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of
3:13 g mL
1 [7.231]. Litophynols A, B, and litophynins E, H, and I monoacetate isolated from the
mucus secreted by Litophyton sp. were reported to possess hemolytic activity [7.232].
Genus Lemnalia
The Kenyan Lemnalia flava yielded lemnaflavoside
and three monoacetate derivatives [7.233]. Lemnalol
isolated from the Formosan L. cervicorni produced
anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in carrageenaninjected rats. As a potential therapeutic agent for neuropathic pain, lemnalol, in a single intrathecal administration (0:0510 g) was demonstrated to significantly
attenuate thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) in
a well-established rat model, 14 days postsurgery. Lemnalol (10 g) also significantly inhibited CCI-induced