Part A | 5
58 Part A Marine Flora and Fauna
a)
Air + CO 2
Air + CO 2
Air + CO 2
Light
Front view
Profile
Top view
b)
Air + CO 2
Water
out
Water out
Gas in
Water in
Water in
Gas out
Microalgae
Fig. 5.1a,b Schematics of various photobioreactors. (a) After [5.95], (b) after [5.96]
Currently these enclosed photobioreactors are industrially applied for biodiesel production, for instance,
the outdoor enclosed culture system used in Solix
Biofuels Inc. and the indoor enclosed culture system
used in Solazyme Inc. In addition, the use of intermittent light instead of continuous illumination can
reduce the photoinhibition effect and improve the efficiency of light utilization through the flashing-light
effect. On the other hand, the culture medium inside the photobioreactors needs to be stay flowing
for mixing the algae and other nutrients. A newly
developed flat plate photobioreactor achieved a 1:7fold increased biomass production for Chlorella vulgaris [5.96] by applying the intermittent light from one
side of the bioreactor, and the introduction of the air
bubbling from the bottom of the bioreactor which generates turbulence inside the container. Recently, based
on the flashing-light effect, a triangle bioreactor constructed by three tubular bioreactors with the air bubbling from the hypotenuse has achieved the currently
highest volumetric productivity (365 t ha
1 a
1 ) [5.95,
98].
References
5.1
C.S. Ting, G. Rocap, J. King, S.W. Chisholm: Cyanobacterial photosynthesis in the oceans: The origins
and significance of divergent light-harvesting
strategies, Trends Microbiol. 10, 134–142 (2002)
5.2
H. Miyashita, K. Adachi, N. Kurano, H. Ikemoto,
M. Chihara, S. Miyachi: Pigment composition of
a novel oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryote containing chlorophyll d as the major chlorophyll, Plant Cell.
Physiol. 38, 274–281 (1997)
5.3
R.M.M. Abed, S. Dobretsov, K. Sudesh: Applications
of cyanobacteria in biotechnology, J. Appl. Microbiol.
106, 1–12 (2009)
5.4
A.M. Burja, B. Banaigs, E. Abou-Mansour,
J.G. Burgess, P.C. Wright: Marine cyanobacteria –
A prolific source of natural products, Tetrahedron
57, 9347–9377 (2001)
5.5
H. Takeyama, T. Matsunaga: Production of Useful
Materials from Marine Microalgae (Oxford IBH Publishing, New Delhi 1998)
5.6
S.W.G. Fehler, R.J. Light: Biosynthesis of hydrocarbons in Anabaena variabilis Incorporation of
[methyl-14C] and [methyl-2H2] methionine into 7and 8-methyl-heptadecanes, Biochemistry 9, 418–
422 (1970)
58 Part A Marine Flora and Fauna
a)
Air + CO 2
Air + CO 2
Air + CO 2
Light
Front view
Profile
Top view
b)
Air + CO 2
Water
out
Water out
Gas in
Water in
Water in
Gas out
Microalgae
Fig. 5.1a,b Schematics of various photobioreactors. (a) After [5.95], (b) after [5.96]
Currently these enclosed photobioreactors are industrially applied for biodiesel production, for instance,
the outdoor enclosed culture system used in Solix
Biofuels Inc. and the indoor enclosed culture system
used in Solazyme Inc. In addition, the use of intermittent light instead of continuous illumination can
reduce the photoinhibition effect and improve the efficiency of light utilization through the flashing-light
effect. On the other hand, the culture medium inside the photobioreactors needs to be stay flowing
for mixing the algae and other nutrients. A newly
developed flat plate photobioreactor achieved a 1:7fold increased biomass production for Chlorella vulgaris [5.96] by applying the intermittent light from one
side of the bioreactor, and the introduction of the air
bubbling from the bottom of the bioreactor which generates turbulence inside the container. Recently, based
on the flashing-light effect, a triangle bioreactor constructed by three tubular bioreactors with the air bubbling from the hypotenuse has achieved the currently
highest volumetric productivity (365 t ha
1 a
1 ) [5.95,
98].
References
5.1
C.S. Ting, G. Rocap, J. King, S.W. Chisholm: Cyanobacterial photosynthesis in the oceans: The origins
and significance of divergent light-harvesting
strategies, Trends Microbiol. 10, 134–142 (2002)
5.2
H. Miyashita, K. Adachi, N. Kurano, H. Ikemoto,
M. Chihara, S. Miyachi: Pigment composition of
a novel oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryote containing chlorophyll d as the major chlorophyll, Plant Cell.
Physiol. 38, 274–281 (1997)
5.3
R.M.M. Abed, S. Dobretsov, K. Sudesh: Applications
of cyanobacteria in biotechnology, J. Appl. Microbiol.
106, 1–12 (2009)
5.4
A.M. Burja, B. Banaigs, E. Abou-Mansour,
J.G. Burgess, P.C. Wright: Marine cyanobacteria –
A prolific source of natural products, Tetrahedron
57, 9347–9377 (2001)
5.5
H. Takeyama, T. Matsunaga: Production of Useful
Materials from Marine Microalgae (Oxford IBH Publishing, New Delhi 1998)
5.6
S.W.G. Fehler, R.J. Light: Biosynthesis of hydrocarbons in Anabaena variabilis Incorporation of
[methyl-14C] and [methyl-2H2] methionine into 7and 8-methyl-heptadecanes, Biochemistry 9, 418–
422 (1970)