259
segmentation of the coastal lagoon into two water bodies, one of which would completely disappear 2 years later.
In 2011, the far-field tsunami generated in Japan also hit El Yali river mouth and
the coastal lagoon. When the sandbar and coastal dunes did not exist anymore, the
tsunami waves trespassed the south part of the beach and flooded some meadows
that were not reached like this since middle of the twentieth century.
During these years, it was possible to appreciate a moderate recovery of coastal
dunes, at lower rates than in other places that were also affected by the tsunami
2010. However, any disturbance provoked the disappearance of the small coastal
dunes being formed.
In 2015, a month after the occurrence of a severe ocean swell that erodes the
beach and coastal dune, a local tsunami that had destructive effects 200 km to the
north overpassed the Albufera (Contreras-López et al. 2016). In Fig. 8.10 is shown
the beach and remnants of the coastal dune before and after the ocean swell, and
before and immediately after the last tsunami that affected the wetland.
It has not been possible to find testimonies of what occurred in this site in 1985,
when a Mw 8.0 earthquake had its epicenter nearby the wetland. It is known that
this earthquake generated a tsunami in San Antonio port and, therefore, we can infer
that it was also destructive in El Yali. Likewise, it is possible that the transoceanic
tsunami that followed the Valdivia earthquake Mw 9.5 in 1960 must have had similar effects to what occurred in 2010.
Table 8.2 Summary of earthquakes generating tsunamis and that possibly have affected El Yali
wetland
N° Year Month Day Mw Country Field
Runup
Valparaíso
Runup San
Antonio
Runup
El Yali Uplift
1 1906 8
17 8.2 Chile
Near >0
>0
>0
2 1928 12
1
7.6 Chile
Near >0
3 1946 4
1
8.1 EEUU
Far
1.60
4 1952 11
4
9.0 Russia
Far
1.80
5 1957 3
9
8.6 EEUU
Far
2.10
6 1960 5
21 9.5 Chile
Near 1.70
7 1964 3
28 9.2 EEUU
Far
2.20
8 1971 7
9
7.5 Chile
Near 1.20
+0.10
9 1985 3
3
8.0 Chile
Near 1.15
3.50
+0.50
10 2010 2
27 8.8 Chile
Near 2.61
3.90
5.20
−0.35
11 2011 3
21 9.0 Japan
Far
1.54
0.89
>1.00
0
12 2015 9
16 8.3 Chile
Near 2.00
1.00
2.80
Source: NOAA (2016), HTDB/Pac (2016), HTDB/WLD 2016, IOC (2016), Fritz et al. (2011),
Contreras-López et al. (2016), and Quezada et al. (2012b). 2011 run-up record corresponds to the
autor observation that has not been published yet
Only the last three events have been registered with instruments so as to prove the occurrence of
tsunamis hitting the wetland. Runup and uplift values are in meters (m)
8 El Yali National Reserve: A System of Coastal Wetlands in the Southern…
segmentation of the coastal lagoon into two water bodies, one of which would completely disappear 2 years later.
In 2011, the far-field tsunami generated in Japan also hit El Yali river mouth and
the coastal lagoon. When the sandbar and coastal dunes did not exist anymore, the
tsunami waves trespassed the south part of the beach and flooded some meadows
that were not reached like this since middle of the twentieth century.
During these years, it was possible to appreciate a moderate recovery of coastal
dunes, at lower rates than in other places that were also affected by the tsunami
2010. However, any disturbance provoked the disappearance of the small coastal
dunes being formed.
In 2015, a month after the occurrence of a severe ocean swell that erodes the
beach and coastal dune, a local tsunami that had destructive effects 200 km to the
north overpassed the Albufera (Contreras-López et al. 2016). In Fig. 8.10 is shown
the beach and remnants of the coastal dune before and after the ocean swell, and
before and immediately after the last tsunami that affected the wetland.
It has not been possible to find testimonies of what occurred in this site in 1985,
when a Mw 8.0 earthquake had its epicenter nearby the wetland. It is known that
this earthquake generated a tsunami in San Antonio port and, therefore, we can infer
that it was also destructive in El Yali. Likewise, it is possible that the transoceanic
tsunami that followed the Valdivia earthquake Mw 9.5 in 1960 must have had similar effects to what occurred in 2010.
Table 8.2 Summary of earthquakes generating tsunamis and that possibly have affected El Yali
wetland
N° Year Month Day Mw Country Field
Runup
Valparaíso
Runup San
Antonio
Runup
El Yali Uplift
1 1906 8
17 8.2 Chile
Near >0
>0
>0
2 1928 12
1
7.6 Chile
Near >0
3 1946 4
1
8.1 EEUU
Far
1.60
4 1952 11
4
9.0 Russia
Far
1.80
5 1957 3
9
8.6 EEUU
Far
2.10
6 1960 5
21 9.5 Chile
Near 1.70
7 1964 3
28 9.2 EEUU
Far
2.20
8 1971 7
9
7.5 Chile
Near 1.20
+0.10
9 1985 3
3
8.0 Chile
Near 1.15
3.50
+0.50
10 2010 2
27 8.8 Chile
Near 2.61
3.90
5.20
−0.35
11 2011 3
21 9.0 Japan
Far
1.54
0.89
>1.00
0
12 2015 9
16 8.3 Chile
Near 2.00
1.00
2.80
Source: NOAA (2016), HTDB/Pac (2016), HTDB/WLD 2016, IOC (2016), Fritz et al. (2011),
Contreras-López et al. (2016), and Quezada et al. (2012b). 2011 run-up record corresponds to the
autor observation that has not been published yet
Only the last three events have been registered with instruments so as to prove the occurrence of
tsunamis hitting the wetland. Runup and uplift values are in meters (m)
8 El Yali National Reserve: A System of Coastal Wetlands in the Southern…