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Fig. 3.17 Population settlements in dangerous health conditions (a) house constructed in swamp
area; (b) collection of poles (Rhizophora and Nypa fruticans) for house building
ing mangroves firewood and timber, making charcoal, cutting poles for house construction (Fig. 3.17b). They have mostly invested their savings to optimize their new
business with the acquisition of cutting equipment and a highly efficient logistics
including saws motor and large canoes with outboard motors.
Health services and sanitation of the Douala City Council are not yet involved in
the maintenance of populated areas near the mangrove. In reality, these areas are not
included in the development plans and their populations, despite the fact that they
pay taxes, are still considered marginal. All domestic waste is directed to mangroves
and organic pollution by domestic waste is highly noticeable. In addition to household waste, there is also considerable amounts of fecal waste.
3 Impact of Urbanization on the Evolution of Mangrove Ecosystems…