107
3.4.2 Sand Quarries
The exploitation of sand is one of the important activities in the mangrove, mainly
around large cities. Sand quarries are visible throughout the estuary of Cameroon,
particularly around the city of Douala (Youpwe, Bonaberi, Bonamouang, Bonagang,
Bon’Ewonda and others) with an annual mangrove sand production estimated at
90,000 m
3
. Unlike logging, it does not only affect the vegetation but can cause disturbances in the structure or even the nature of the substrate. This activity is practiced in low tide, which degrades the quality of the water or coves on previously
Fig. 3.9 (continued)
3 Impact of Urbanization on the Evolution of Mangrove Ecosystems…
3.4.2 Sand Quarries
The exploitation of sand is one of the important activities in the mangrove, mainly
around large cities. Sand quarries are visible throughout the estuary of Cameroon,
particularly around the city of Douala (Youpwe, Bonaberi, Bonamouang, Bonagang,
Bon’Ewonda and others) with an annual mangrove sand production estimated at
90,000 m
3
. Unlike logging, it does not only affect the vegetation but can cause disturbances in the structure or even the nature of the substrate. This activity is practiced in low tide, which degrades the quality of the water or coves on previously
Fig. 3.9 (continued)
3 Impact of Urbanization on the Evolution of Mangrove Ecosystems…