40
pine–oak (Damar stream) where Ephemeroptera is
abundant. The Alaknanda basin with pine, oak,
alpine meadow and pine–oak forest type is
dominated by the Trichoptera. Pine forest is characterised by the abundance of Trichoptera in the
Pindar and Ramganga basin also (Table 4.2 ). At
family level, the dominant taxa included
Heptageniidae and Baetidae in the Yamuna,
Baetidae and Ephemerellidae in the Bhagirathi,
Leptoceridae and Limnephilidae in the Alaknanda,
Table 4.2 Percentage composition of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna with respect to land use and forest type in major
river basins in Uttarakhand
Basins
Basins
Forest S-O
L-U
E
T
D
P
C
B
O
Yamuna
Rupin
O
II–V
F + A
35
27
8.1
3.8
10
4.9
11
Supin
O
F + A
31
31
11
5.1
9
3.2
10
Tons
D
F + A
32
28
9
4.8
9.7
4.2
13
Naitwar
ODF
F + A
28
35
7.1
5.5
9.7
3.7
11
Yamuna
PO
F + A
24
34
11
5.5
8.6
4
13
Average
30
31
9.1
5
9.4
4
12
Ganga/Bhagirathi Harsil Gad
DO
II–VI F + A
27
30
12
2.1
7.2
7.2
14
Kaldi Gad
PU
F + U + A 27
44
11
3.9
3.2
2.9
8.2
Dharasu Gad
P
F
44
35
8.4
2.4
3.9
0
6.1
Bhagirathi
(Dharasu)
P
F
34
48
7.8
3.5
1.4
1.9
4.3
Average
33
39
9.9
3
3.9
3
8.2
Bhilangana
Bhilangana
P
II–VI F + A
32
46
7.6
3.5
2.9
0.4
8
Nailchami
P
F + A
30
50
8.8
2.6
2.8
0.9
4.8
Average
31
48
8.2
3
2.9
0.6
6.4
Alaknanda
Birahi Ganga P
II–VI F + A
25
41
8
4.2
6.5
3.4
12
Amrit Ganga
P
F
22
50
6.4
3.5
5.4
3.3
9.4
Balasuti
O
F
23
49
8
2.8
5.5
3
9.5
Tapovan
M
F
26
37
10
5.2
6.3
4.1
11
Mana
M
F
32
34
8.6
3.9
6.6
3.8
11
Nandakini
PO
F + U + A 30
34
12
3.5
7.3
3.2
10
Average
26
41
8.8
3.8
6.3
3.5
11
Mandakini
Damar
PO
II–V
F + A
32
28
9.8
5.1
7.3
4.4
14
Kaidung
O
F
23
44
9
4
6.4
3.2
11
Sitapur
O
F
18
42
11
4.8
6.9
4
13
Kunja
–
A
26
36
9.1
4.1
7.5
4.1
13
Laster
PO
F + A
27
34
9.7
5.4
6.8
4.5
13
Saraswati
Ganga
OP
F
22
41
11
4.1
6.7
3.4
13
Average
25
39
9.9
4.5
6.9
3.8
13
Pindar
Atta Gad
P
II–V
F + A
30
44
11
4.5
2.5
1.4
6.1
Pindar NR
P
F + A
35
44
9.2
4.1
4.8
0.6
1.8
Pindar (Simli) P
F + A
28
47
11
3.7
2.9
1.2
6
Average
31
45
10
4.1
3.4
1.1
4.6
Ramganga
R1 Saryu
P
II–V
F + A
25
30
16
5.3
9.5
4.2
9.5
R2 Chaukhutia P
F + A
25
34
13
4.8
9.1
4.5
9.1
R3 Dwarahat
P
F + A
22
32
19
4.9
9.3
3.6
9.3
Average
24
32
16
5
9.3
4.1
9.3
O oak; D deodar, ODF oak–deodar–fi r, PO pine–oak, U utees, M alpine meadow , S-O stream order, L-U land use,
E Ephemeroptera, T Trichoptera, D Diptera, P Plecoptera, C Coleoptera, B Basommatophora (Mollusca), O others
P. Nautiyal et al.
pine–oak (Damar stream) where Ephemeroptera is
abundant. The Alaknanda basin with pine, oak,
alpine meadow and pine–oak forest type is
dominated by the Trichoptera. Pine forest is characterised by the abundance of Trichoptera in the
Pindar and Ramganga basin also (Table 4.2 ). At
family level, the dominant taxa included
Heptageniidae and Baetidae in the Yamuna,
Baetidae and Ephemerellidae in the Bhagirathi,
Leptoceridae and Limnephilidae in the Alaknanda,
Table 4.2 Percentage composition of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna with respect to land use and forest type in major
river basins in Uttarakhand
Basins
Basins
Forest S-O
L-U
E
T
D
P
C
B
O
Yamuna
Rupin
O
II–V
F + A
35
27
8.1
3.8
10
4.9
11
Supin
O
F + A
31
31
11
5.1
9
3.2
10
Tons
D
F + A
32
28
9
4.8
9.7
4.2
13
Naitwar
ODF
F + A
28
35
7.1
5.5
9.7
3.7
11
Yamuna
PO
F + A
24
34
11
5.5
8.6
4
13
Average
30
31
9.1
5
9.4
4
12
Ganga/Bhagirathi Harsil Gad
DO
II–VI F + A
27
30
12
2.1
7.2
7.2
14
Kaldi Gad
PU
F + U + A 27
44
11
3.9
3.2
2.9
8.2
Dharasu Gad
P
F
44
35
8.4
2.4
3.9
0
6.1
Bhagirathi
(Dharasu)
P
F
34
48
7.8
3.5
1.4
1.9
4.3
Average
33
39
9.9
3
3.9
3
8.2
Bhilangana
Bhilangana
P
II–VI F + A
32
46
7.6
3.5
2.9
0.4
8
Nailchami
P
F + A
30
50
8.8
2.6
2.8
0.9
4.8
Average
31
48
8.2
3
2.9
0.6
6.4
Alaknanda
Birahi Ganga P
II–VI F + A
25
41
8
4.2
6.5
3.4
12
Amrit Ganga
P
F
22
50
6.4
3.5
5.4
3.3
9.4
Balasuti
O
F
23
49
8
2.8
5.5
3
9.5
Tapovan
M
F
26
37
10
5.2
6.3
4.1
11
Mana
M
F
32
34
8.6
3.9
6.6
3.8
11
Nandakini
PO
F + U + A 30
34
12
3.5
7.3
3.2
10
Average
26
41
8.8
3.8
6.3
3.5
11
Mandakini
Damar
PO
II–V
F + A
32
28
9.8
5.1
7.3
4.4
14
Kaidung
O
F
23
44
9
4
6.4
3.2
11
Sitapur
O
F
18
42
11
4.8
6.9
4
13
Kunja
–
A
26
36
9.1
4.1
7.5
4.1
13
Laster
PO
F + A
27
34
9.7
5.4
6.8
4.5
13
Saraswati
Ganga
OP
F
22
41
11
4.1
6.7
3.4
13
Average
25
39
9.9
4.5
6.9
3.8
13
Pindar
Atta Gad
P
II–V
F + A
30
44
11
4.5
2.5
1.4
6.1
Pindar NR
P
F + A
35
44
9.2
4.1
4.8
0.6
1.8
Pindar (Simli) P
F + A
28
47
11
3.7
2.9
1.2
6
Average
31
45
10
4.1
3.4
1.1
4.6
Ramganga
R1 Saryu
P
II–V
F + A
25
30
16
5.3
9.5
4.2
9.5
R2 Chaukhutia P
F + A
25
34
13
4.8
9.1
4.5
9.1
R3 Dwarahat
P
F + A
22
32
19
4.9
9.3
3.6
9.3
Average
24
32
16
5
9.3
4.1
9.3
O oak; D deodar, ODF oak–deodar–fi r, PO pine–oak, U utees, M alpine meadow , S-O stream order, L-U land use,
E Ephemeroptera, T Trichoptera, D Diptera, P Plecoptera, C Coleoptera, B Basommatophora (Mollusca), O others
P. Nautiyal et al.