274
W. Larcher
additional stress criteria such as respiratory anomalies, protein catabolism,
and leakage through cellular membranes have to be employed. For monitoring the progress of freezing and thawing and for analyzing frost survival
mechanisms, methods providing information about the integrity of the photosynthetic membranes, combined with methods for detecting ice formation,
are particularly appropriate.
Above all, the highly developed techniques for studying photosynthesis
are of great assistance in the field. Even if, particularly under natural
conditions, a mechanistic analysis of all phenomena is not possible, such
methods nevertheless provide relevant and important clues concerning conditions during stress as well as information about specific threshold temperatures for survival.
References
Alexandrov VY (1964) Cytophysiological and cytoecological investigations of resistance
of plant cells toward the action of high and low temperature. Q Rev Bio 39: 35-77
Alexandrov VY (1977) Cells, molecules and temperature. Conformational flexibility of
macromolecules and ecological adaptation. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Bauer H (1972) CO2-Gaswechsel nach Hitzestress bei Abies alba Mill. und Acer pseudoplatanus L. Photosynthetica 6: 424-434
Bauer H, Wierer R, Hatheway WH, Larcher W (1985) Photosynthesis of Coffea arabica
after chilling. Physiol Plant 64: 449-454
Beck E, Scheibe R, Hansen J (1987) Mechanisms of freezing avoidance and freezing
tolerance in tropical alpine plants. In: Li PH (ed) Plant cold hardiness. Liss, New York,
pp 155-168
Berry J, Bjorkman 0 (1980) Photosynthetic response and adaption to temperature in
higher plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 31: 491-543
Berry JA, Raison JK (1981) Responses of macrophytes to temperature. In: Lange OL,
Nobel PS, Osmond CB, Ziegler H (eds) Encyclopedia of plant physiology, vol 12A.
Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 277-338
Bilger HW, Schreiber U, Lange OL (1984) Determination of leaf heat resistance: comparative investigation of chlorophyll fluorescence changes and tissue necrosis methods.
Oecologia 63: 256-262
Bodner M, Beck E (1987) Effect of supercooling and freezing on photosynthesis in
freezing tolerant leaves of Afroalpine "giant rosette" plants. Oecologia 72: 366-371
Bodner M, Larcher W (1989) Chilling susceptibility of wild Saintpaulia species of different
altitudinal origin. Angew Bot 63: 501-512
Burke JJ, Mahan JR, Hatfield JL (1988) Crop-specific thermal kinetics windows in
relation to wheat and cotton biomass production. Agron J 80: 553-556
Critchley Ch, Smillie RM, Patterson BD (1978) Effect of temperature on photoreductive
activity of chloroplasts from passionfruit species of different chilling sensitivity. Aust J
Plant Physiol 5: 443-448
Demmig-Adams B, Adams III WW, Winter K, Meyer A, Schreiber U, Pereira JS,
Kriiger A, Czygan FC, Lange OL (1989) Photochemical efficiency of photosystem II,
photon yield of O2 evolution, photosynthetic capacity, and carotenoid composition
during the midday depression of net CO2 uptake in Arbutus unedo growing in Portugal.
Planta 177: 377-387
Earnshaw MJ, Carver KA, Gunn TC, Kerenga K, Harvey V, Griffiths H, Broadmeadow
MSJ (1990) Photosynthetic pathway, chilling tolerance and cell sap osmotic potential
W. Larcher
additional stress criteria such as respiratory anomalies, protein catabolism,
and leakage through cellular membranes have to be employed. For monitoring the progress of freezing and thawing and for analyzing frost survival
mechanisms, methods providing information about the integrity of the photosynthetic membranes, combined with methods for detecting ice formation,
are particularly appropriate.
Above all, the highly developed techniques for studying photosynthesis
are of great assistance in the field. Even if, particularly under natural
conditions, a mechanistic analysis of all phenomena is not possible, such
methods nevertheless provide relevant and important clues concerning conditions during stress as well as information about specific threshold temperatures for survival.
References
Alexandrov VY (1964) Cytophysiological and cytoecological investigations of resistance
of plant cells toward the action of high and low temperature. Q Rev Bio 39: 35-77
Alexandrov VY (1977) Cells, molecules and temperature. Conformational flexibility of
macromolecules and ecological adaptation. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Bauer H (1972) CO2-Gaswechsel nach Hitzestress bei Abies alba Mill. und Acer pseudoplatanus L. Photosynthetica 6: 424-434
Bauer H, Wierer R, Hatheway WH, Larcher W (1985) Photosynthesis of Coffea arabica
after chilling. Physiol Plant 64: 449-454
Beck E, Scheibe R, Hansen J (1987) Mechanisms of freezing avoidance and freezing
tolerance in tropical alpine plants. In: Li PH (ed) Plant cold hardiness. Liss, New York,
pp 155-168
Berry J, Bjorkman 0 (1980) Photosynthetic response and adaption to temperature in
higher plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 31: 491-543
Berry JA, Raison JK (1981) Responses of macrophytes to temperature. In: Lange OL,
Nobel PS, Osmond CB, Ziegler H (eds) Encyclopedia of plant physiology, vol 12A.
Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 277-338
Bilger HW, Schreiber U, Lange OL (1984) Determination of leaf heat resistance: comparative investigation of chlorophyll fluorescence changes and tissue necrosis methods.
Oecologia 63: 256-262
Bodner M, Beck E (1987) Effect of supercooling and freezing on photosynthesis in
freezing tolerant leaves of Afroalpine "giant rosette" plants. Oecologia 72: 366-371
Bodner M, Larcher W (1989) Chilling susceptibility of wild Saintpaulia species of different
altitudinal origin. Angew Bot 63: 501-512
Burke JJ, Mahan JR, Hatfield JL (1988) Crop-specific thermal kinetics windows in
relation to wheat and cotton biomass production. Agron J 80: 553-556
Critchley Ch, Smillie RM, Patterson BD (1978) Effect of temperature on photoreductive
activity of chloroplasts from passionfruit species of different chilling sensitivity. Aust J
Plant Physiol 5: 443-448
Demmig-Adams B, Adams III WW, Winter K, Meyer A, Schreiber U, Pereira JS,
Kriiger A, Czygan FC, Lange OL (1989) Photochemical efficiency of photosystem II,
photon yield of O2 evolution, photosynthetic capacity, and carotenoid composition
during the midday depression of net CO2 uptake in Arbutus unedo growing in Portugal.
Planta 177: 377-387
Earnshaw MJ, Carver KA, Gunn TC, Kerenga K, Harvey V, Griffiths H, Broadmeadow
MSJ (1990) Photosynthetic pathway, chilling tolerance and cell sap osmotic potential