34.5 References
and changes made the management of the assessment difficult. The success of both products may
have been made easier by keeping the processes
separate. An assessment needs to stand on its own,
arriving at conclusions and making inferences
about the data collected using appropriate analyses.
It is very easy to plan and define different scales
in an assessment. But actually completing an integrated assessment using different spatial and temporal scales is difficult. The entire concept of scale
is difficult to understand and as equally difficult to
use, analyze, and display. The ICBEMP used different spatial and temporal scales in the assessment,
but a consensus on what scales to use and what data
to apply at different scales was difficult to achieve.
Also, data resolution appropriate for a given scale
was difficult to accomplish. In general, the comfort level for data collection and analysis is at the
smallest spatial scale using the finest-resolution
data. To complete an assessment on time and within
budget requires good management to prevent the
assessment from straying and external forces from
altering the assessment plans.
Logistics for completing an assessment for an
area the size of the Columbia River Basin should
include a good support staff and physical plant that
are located in a city with an easily accessible airport and preferably a large research library. These
large-scale assessments consume large amounts of
money and time. A good work environment becomes critical as long days and long work weeks
are commonplace. The people working for federal
agencies and in particular the Forest Service and
Bureau of Land Management have excellent work
ethics, which lead to can-do attitudes.
34.5 References
Dietrich, W. 1995. Northwest passage. New York: Simon & Schuster.
ESA. U.S. Laws, Statutes, etc., Public Law 93-205. 1973.
Endangered Species Act of Dec. 28, 1973. 16 U.S.C.
1531-1536, 1538-1540.
Everett, R; Hessburg, P.; Jensen, M.; Bormann, B. 1994.
Volume I: Executive summary. PNW-GTR-317. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific
Northw. Res. Sta.
FEMA T (Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment
Team). 1993. Forest ecosystem management: an ecological, economic, and social assessment. Portland,
OR: U.S. Dept. Int., U.S. Dept. Agric., [and others].
FLPMA. U.S. Laws, Statutes, etc., and Public Law 94579. 1976. Federal Land Policy and Management Act
of 1976. Act of Oct. 21, 1976.43 U.S.c. 1600.
509
Hann, W. J.; Jones, J. L.; Karl, M. G.; Hessburg, P. F.;
Keane, R E.; Long, D. G.; Menakis, J., P.; McNicoll,
C. H.; Leonard, S. G.; Gravenmier, R. A.; Smith,
B. G. 1997. Landscape dynamics of the Basin. In:
Quigley, T. M.; Arbelbide, S. J., tech. eds. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great
Basins. PNW-GTR-405, Vol II. Portland, OR: U.S.
Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.:
338-1055, Chapter 3.
Haynes, R W.; Home, A. L. 1997. Economic assessment
of the Basin. In: Quigley, T. M.; Arbelbide, S. L., tech.
eds. An assessment of ecosystem components in the Interior Columbia Basin and Portions of the Klamath
and Great Basins. PNW-GTR-405, Vol IV. Portland,
OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw.
Res. Sta.: 1715-1869, Chapter 6.
Haynes, R. W.; Graham, R T.; Quigley, T. M., technical editors. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin. PNW-GTR374. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv.,
Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.
Hutchison, S. B.; Winters, R. K. 1942. Northern Idaho
forest resources and industries. Washington, DC: U.S.
Dept. Agric.
Lee, D. C.; Sedell, J. R.; Rieman, B. E.; Thurow, R F.;
Williams, J. E. 1997. Broad-scale assessment of
aquatic species and habitats. In: Quigley, T. M., and
Arbelbide, S. J., tech. eds. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and
portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. PNWGTR-405, Vol III. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric.,
For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.: 1057-1496,
Chapter 4.
Leiberg, J. B. 1897. General report on a botanical survey of the Coeur d'Alene mountains in Idaho during
the summer of 1895. Contributions from the U.S. National herbarium Vol 5. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept.
Agric., Division of Botany.
Malone, M. P.; Roeder, R B.; Lang, W. L. 1991. Montana: a history of two centuries. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
McCool, S. F.; Burchfield, J. A; Allen, S. D. 1997. Social assessment. In: Quigley, T. M.; Arbelbide, S. J.,
tech. eds. An assessment of ecosystem components in
the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. PNW-GTR-405, Vol IV. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific
Northw. Res. Sta.: 1873-2012, Chapter 7.
NEPA. U.S. Laws, Statutes, etc., and Public Law 91-190
[So 1075]. 1970. National Environmental Policy Act
of 1969. [An act to establish a national policy for the
environment, to provide for the establishment of a
Council of Environmental Quality, and for other purposes.] In this: United States statutes at large, 1969.
42 U.S.c. sec. 4231, et seq. (1970). Washington, DC:
Govt. Printing Office.
NFMA. U.S. Laws, Statutes, etc., and Public Law 94588. 1976. National Forest Management Act of 1976.
Act of Oct. 22, 1976. 16 U.S.C. 1600.
and changes made the management of the assessment difficult. The success of both products may
have been made easier by keeping the processes
separate. An assessment needs to stand on its own,
arriving at conclusions and making inferences
about the data collected using appropriate analyses.
It is very easy to plan and define different scales
in an assessment. But actually completing an integrated assessment using different spatial and temporal scales is difficult. The entire concept of scale
is difficult to understand and as equally difficult to
use, analyze, and display. The ICBEMP used different spatial and temporal scales in the assessment,
but a consensus on what scales to use and what data
to apply at different scales was difficult to achieve.
Also, data resolution appropriate for a given scale
was difficult to accomplish. In general, the comfort level for data collection and analysis is at the
smallest spatial scale using the finest-resolution
data. To complete an assessment on time and within
budget requires good management to prevent the
assessment from straying and external forces from
altering the assessment plans.
Logistics for completing an assessment for an
area the size of the Columbia River Basin should
include a good support staff and physical plant that
are located in a city with an easily accessible airport and preferably a large research library. These
large-scale assessments consume large amounts of
money and time. A good work environment becomes critical as long days and long work weeks
are commonplace. The people working for federal
agencies and in particular the Forest Service and
Bureau of Land Management have excellent work
ethics, which lead to can-do attitudes.
34.5 References
Dietrich, W. 1995. Northwest passage. New York: Simon & Schuster.
ESA. U.S. Laws, Statutes, etc., Public Law 93-205. 1973.
Endangered Species Act of Dec. 28, 1973. 16 U.S.C.
1531-1536, 1538-1540.
Everett, R; Hessburg, P.; Jensen, M.; Bormann, B. 1994.
Volume I: Executive summary. PNW-GTR-317. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific
Northw. Res. Sta.
FEMA T (Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment
Team). 1993. Forest ecosystem management: an ecological, economic, and social assessment. Portland,
OR: U.S. Dept. Int., U.S. Dept. Agric., [and others].
FLPMA. U.S. Laws, Statutes, etc., and Public Law 94579. 1976. Federal Land Policy and Management Act
of 1976. Act of Oct. 21, 1976.43 U.S.c. 1600.
509
Hann, W. J.; Jones, J. L.; Karl, M. G.; Hessburg, P. F.;
Keane, R E.; Long, D. G.; Menakis, J., P.; McNicoll,
C. H.; Leonard, S. G.; Gravenmier, R. A.; Smith,
B. G. 1997. Landscape dynamics of the Basin. In:
Quigley, T. M.; Arbelbide, S. J., tech. eds. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great
Basins. PNW-GTR-405, Vol II. Portland, OR: U.S.
Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.:
338-1055, Chapter 3.
Haynes, R W.; Home, A. L. 1997. Economic assessment
of the Basin. In: Quigley, T. M.; Arbelbide, S. L., tech.
eds. An assessment of ecosystem components in the Interior Columbia Basin and Portions of the Klamath
and Great Basins. PNW-GTR-405, Vol IV. Portland,
OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw.
Res. Sta.: 1715-1869, Chapter 6.
Haynes, R. W.; Graham, R T.; Quigley, T. M., technical editors. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the Interior Columbia Basin. PNW-GTR374. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv.,
Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.
Hutchison, S. B.; Winters, R. K. 1942. Northern Idaho
forest resources and industries. Washington, DC: U.S.
Dept. Agric.
Lee, D. C.; Sedell, J. R.; Rieman, B. E.; Thurow, R F.;
Williams, J. E. 1997. Broad-scale assessment of
aquatic species and habitats. In: Quigley, T. M., and
Arbelbide, S. J., tech. eds. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and
portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. PNWGTR-405, Vol III. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric.,
For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.: 1057-1496,
Chapter 4.
Leiberg, J. B. 1897. General report on a botanical survey of the Coeur d'Alene mountains in Idaho during
the summer of 1895. Contributions from the U.S. National herbarium Vol 5. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept.
Agric., Division of Botany.
Malone, M. P.; Roeder, R B.; Lang, W. L. 1991. Montana: a history of two centuries. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
McCool, S. F.; Burchfield, J. A; Allen, S. D. 1997. Social assessment. In: Quigley, T. M.; Arbelbide, S. J.,
tech. eds. An assessment of ecosystem components in
the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. PNW-GTR-405, Vol IV. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific
Northw. Res. Sta.: 1873-2012, Chapter 7.
NEPA. U.S. Laws, Statutes, etc., and Public Law 91-190
[So 1075]. 1970. National Environmental Policy Act
of 1969. [An act to establish a national policy for the
environment, to provide for the establishment of a
Council of Environmental Quality, and for other purposes.] In this: United States statutes at large, 1969.
42 U.S.c. sec. 4231, et seq. (1970). Washington, DC:
Govt. Printing Office.
NFMA. U.S. Laws, Statutes, etc., and Public Law 94588. 1976. National Forest Management Act of 1976.
Act of Oct. 22, 1976. 16 U.S.C. 1600.