25.9 References
ciency of assessments and management actions.
For example, watershed assessments may follow
common general procedures, but they are often
conducted by different teams using different
models, methods, and stratification schemes. Comparison of results on a common landscape across
watershed boundaries thus becomes difficult. Watershed assessments can be much more efficient in
terms of time and cost if a common biophysical hierarchical template is used to extrapolate knowledge, information, and generalizations from sitespecific studies across watershed and political
boundaries.
25.8 Suggested Readings
Callaham, R Z. 1990. Case studies and catalog ofwatershed projects in western provinces and states. 22,
1-188. Berkeley, CA: Wildlife Resources Center, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California.
Graf, W. L. 1998. A guidance document for monitoring
and assessing the physical integrity of Arizona
streams. 95-0137. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Department
of Environmental Quality.
Gurnell, A.; Petts, G., editors. 1995. Changing river
channels. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Knighton, D. 1984. Fluvial forms and processes. Baltimore, MD: Edward Arnold.
Montgomery, D. R; Buffington, J. M. 1993. Channel
classification, prediction of channel response, and assessment of channel condition. TWF-SH1O-93-002.
Olympia, WA: Washington State Dept. of Natural Resources: Timber, Fish, and Wildlife.
Morisawa, M. 1985. Rivers: form and process. Geomorphology texts. London and New York: Longman.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1999. Stream corridor
restoration: principles, processes, practices. NTIS
PB98-1583481NQ. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept.
Agric., For. Servo
25.9 References
Abrahams, A D.; Ponczynski, J. J. 1985. Drainage density in relation to precipitation intensity in the USA
1. Hydro!. 75:383-388.
Ahnert, F. 1987. Process-response models of denudation
at different spatial scales. Catena Suppl. 10:31-50.
Ahnert, F. 1994. Equilibrium, scale and inheritance in
geomorphological perspectives. Geomorphology 11:
125-140.
Allen, T. F. H.; Starr, T. B. 1982. Hierarchy: perspectives for ecological complexity. Chicago and London:
University of Chicago Press.
Arnett, R R 1979. The use of differing scales to iden383
tify factors controlling denudation rates. In: Arnett, R
R., ed. Geographical approaches to fluvial processes.
Norwich: Geo Abstracts: 300.
Baker, V. R. 1988. Geological fluvial geomorphology.
Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 100:1157-1167.
Baxter, C. V.; Frissell, C. A; Hauer, F. R., 2001. Geomorphology, logging roads, and the distribution of bull
trout (Salve linus confluentus) spawning in a forested
river basin: implications for management and conservation. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc.
Beard, L. R 1975. Generalized evaluation offlash-flood
potential. CRWW-124. Austin, TX: Center for Research in Water Resources, University of Texas.
Benda, L. 1990. The influence of debris flows on channels and valley floors in the Oregon Coast Range,
USA. Earth Surf. Process. Land! 15:457-466.
Benda, L.; Dunne, T. 1997. Stochastic forcing of sediment supply to channel networks from landsliding and
debris flow. Water Resour. Res. 33(12):2849-2863.
Benda, L.; Beechie, T. J.; Wissmar, T. C.; Johnson, A.
1992. Morphology and evolution of salmonid habitats
in a recently deglaciated river basin, Washington State,
USA Can. 1. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 49(6):1246-1256.
Benda, L.; Miller, D. J.; Dunne, T.; Reeves, G. H.; Agee,
J. K. 1998. Dynamic landscape systems. In: Naiman,
R; Bilby, R, eds. Ecology and management of
streams and rivers in the Pacific Northwest coastal
ecoregion. New York: Springer-Verlag: 261-288.
Beschta, R L. 1981. Management implications of sediment routing research. Special Report. Portland, OR:
National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and
Stream Improvement.
Beschta, T. 1990. Effects of fire on water quantity and
quality. In: Walstad, 1. D.; Radosevich, S. R.; Sandberg, D. V., eds. Natural and prescribed fire in Pacific Northwest forests. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State
University Press: 219-232.
Beschta, T. L. 1991. Stream habitat management for fish
in the northwest United States: the role of riparian vegetation. Amer. Fish. Soc. Symp. 10:53-58.
Bilby, R E.; Ward, J. W. 1989. Changes in characteristics and function of woody debris with increasing size
of streams in western Washington. Trans. Amer. Fish.
Soc. 118:368-378.
Bisson, P. A; Montgomery, D. R 1996. Valley segments, stream reaches, and channel units. In: Hauer,
F. R; Lamberti, G. A., eds. Methods in stream ecology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press: 23-52.
Black, P. E. 1989. Stratified flood frequency analysis. In:
Woessner, W. W.; Potts, D. F., eds. Proceedings on
the symposium on headwaters hydrology. Missoula,
MT: Amer. Water Resour. Assoc.: 563-572.
Black, P. E. 1997. Watershed functions. 1. Amer. Water
Resour. Assoc. 33(1):1-11.
BojonelI, H. A; Tecle, A.; King, J. G. 1993. Assessing
factors contributing to sediment storage in headwater
streams in northern Montana. In: Emerging critical issues in water resources of Arizona and Southwest;
sixth annual symposium of the Arizona Hydrol. Soc.:
155-165.
ciency of assessments and management actions.
For example, watershed assessments may follow
common general procedures, but they are often
conducted by different teams using different
models, methods, and stratification schemes. Comparison of results on a common landscape across
watershed boundaries thus becomes difficult. Watershed assessments can be much more efficient in
terms of time and cost if a common biophysical hierarchical template is used to extrapolate knowledge, information, and generalizations from sitespecific studies across watershed and political
boundaries.
25.8 Suggested Readings
Callaham, R Z. 1990. Case studies and catalog ofwatershed projects in western provinces and states. 22,
1-188. Berkeley, CA: Wildlife Resources Center, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California.
Graf, W. L. 1998. A guidance document for monitoring
and assessing the physical integrity of Arizona
streams. 95-0137. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Department
of Environmental Quality.
Gurnell, A.; Petts, G., editors. 1995. Changing river
channels. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Knighton, D. 1984. Fluvial forms and processes. Baltimore, MD: Edward Arnold.
Montgomery, D. R; Buffington, J. M. 1993. Channel
classification, prediction of channel response, and assessment of channel condition. TWF-SH1O-93-002.
Olympia, WA: Washington State Dept. of Natural Resources: Timber, Fish, and Wildlife.
Morisawa, M. 1985. Rivers: form and process. Geomorphology texts. London and New York: Longman.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1999. Stream corridor
restoration: principles, processes, practices. NTIS
PB98-1583481NQ. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept.
Agric., For. Servo
25.9 References
Abrahams, A D.; Ponczynski, J. J. 1985. Drainage density in relation to precipitation intensity in the USA
1. Hydro!. 75:383-388.
Ahnert, F. 1987. Process-response models of denudation
at different spatial scales. Catena Suppl. 10:31-50.
Ahnert, F. 1994. Equilibrium, scale and inheritance in
geomorphological perspectives. Geomorphology 11:
125-140.
Allen, T. F. H.; Starr, T. B. 1982. Hierarchy: perspectives for ecological complexity. Chicago and London:
University of Chicago Press.
Arnett, R R 1979. The use of differing scales to iden383
tify factors controlling denudation rates. In: Arnett, R
R., ed. Geographical approaches to fluvial processes.
Norwich: Geo Abstracts: 300.
Baker, V. R. 1988. Geological fluvial geomorphology.
Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 100:1157-1167.
Baxter, C. V.; Frissell, C. A; Hauer, F. R., 2001. Geomorphology, logging roads, and the distribution of bull
trout (Salve linus confluentus) spawning in a forested
river basin: implications for management and conservation. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc.
Beard, L. R 1975. Generalized evaluation offlash-flood
potential. CRWW-124. Austin, TX: Center for Research in Water Resources, University of Texas.
Benda, L. 1990. The influence of debris flows on channels and valley floors in the Oregon Coast Range,
USA. Earth Surf. Process. Land! 15:457-466.
Benda, L.; Dunne, T. 1997. Stochastic forcing of sediment supply to channel networks from landsliding and
debris flow. Water Resour. Res. 33(12):2849-2863.
Benda, L.; Beechie, T. J.; Wissmar, T. C.; Johnson, A.
1992. Morphology and evolution of salmonid habitats
in a recently deglaciated river basin, Washington State,
USA Can. 1. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 49(6):1246-1256.
Benda, L.; Miller, D. J.; Dunne, T.; Reeves, G. H.; Agee,
J. K. 1998. Dynamic landscape systems. In: Naiman,
R; Bilby, R, eds. Ecology and management of
streams and rivers in the Pacific Northwest coastal
ecoregion. New York: Springer-Verlag: 261-288.
Beschta, R L. 1981. Management implications of sediment routing research. Special Report. Portland, OR:
National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and
Stream Improvement.
Beschta, T. 1990. Effects of fire on water quantity and
quality. In: Walstad, 1. D.; Radosevich, S. R.; Sandberg, D. V., eds. Natural and prescribed fire in Pacific Northwest forests. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State
University Press: 219-232.
Beschta, T. L. 1991. Stream habitat management for fish
in the northwest United States: the role of riparian vegetation. Amer. Fish. Soc. Symp. 10:53-58.
Bilby, R E.; Ward, J. W. 1989. Changes in characteristics and function of woody debris with increasing size
of streams in western Washington. Trans. Amer. Fish.
Soc. 118:368-378.
Bisson, P. A; Montgomery, D. R 1996. Valley segments, stream reaches, and channel units. In: Hauer,
F. R; Lamberti, G. A., eds. Methods in stream ecology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press: 23-52.
Black, P. E. 1989. Stratified flood frequency analysis. In:
Woessner, W. W.; Potts, D. F., eds. Proceedings on
the symposium on headwaters hydrology. Missoula,
MT: Amer. Water Resour. Assoc.: 563-572.
Black, P. E. 1997. Watershed functions. 1. Amer. Water
Resour. Assoc. 33(1):1-11.
BojonelI, H. A; Tecle, A.; King, J. G. 1993. Assessing
factors contributing to sediment storage in headwater
streams in northern Montana. In: Emerging critical issues in water resources of Arizona and Southwest;
sixth annual symposium of the Arizona Hydrol. Soc.:
155-165.