13.5 References
McGarigal, K.; Marks, B. 1995. FRAGSTATS: spatial
analysis program for quantifying landscape structure.
PNW-GTR-351. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For.
Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.
Milne, A 1959. The centric systematic area sample
treated as a random sample. Biometrics 15:270-297.
Oden, N. L. 1984. Assessing the significance of a spatial correlogram. Geogr. Anal. 16:1-16.
Oden, N. L.; Sokal, R. R.; Fortin, M.-J.; Goebl, H. 1993.
Categorical wombling: detecting regions of significant
change in spatially located categorical variables. Geogr. Anal. 25:315-336.
O'Neill, R. V.; Gardner, R. H.; Milne, B. T.; Turner, M.
G.; Jackson, B. 1991. Heterogeneity and spatial hierarchies. In: Kolasa, J.; Pickett, S. T. A., eds. Ecological heterogeneity. New York: Springer-Verlag: 8596.
Overton, W. S.; White, D.; Stevens, D. L., Jr. 1990. Design report for EMAP environmental monitoring and
assessment program. EPA/600/3-91/053. Corvallis,
OR: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory.
Pahl-Wostl, C. 1998. Ecosystem organization across a
continuum of scales: a comparative analysis of lakes
and rivers. In: Peterson, D. L.; Parker, V. T., eds. Ecological scale: theory and applications. New York: Columbia University Press: 141-170.
Palmer, M. W. 1993. Putting things in even better order:
the advantages of canonical correspondence analysis.
Ecology 74:2215-2230.
Pearson, S. M.; Gardner, R. H. 1997. Neutral models:
Useful tools for understanding landscape patterns. In:
Bissonette, J. A., ed. Wildlife and landscape ecology.
New York: Springer-Verlag: 215-230.
Pielou, E. C. 1977. Mathematical ecology, 2nd ed. New
York: John Wiley & Sons.
Quattrochi, D. A; Goodchild, M. F., eds. 1997. Scale in
remote sensing and GIS. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
Riitters, K. H.; O'Neill, R. V.; Hunsaker, C. T.; Wickham, J. D.; Yankee, D. H.; Timmins, S. P.; Jones,
K. B.; Jackson, B. L. 1995. A factor analysis oflandscape pattern and structure metrics. Landscape Ecol.
10:23-39.
Ripley, B. D. 1981. Spatial statistics. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.
Ripley, B. D. 1984. Spatial statistics: developments
1980-3. Inter. Statistical Rev. 52:141-150.
Ripley, B. D. 1987. Spatial point pattern analysis in ecol199
ogy. In: Legendre, P.; Legendre, L., eds. Developments
in numerical ecological. Berlin: Springer-Verlag:
407-429.
Ritchie, M. E. 1997. Population in a landscape context:
sources, sinks, and metapopulations. In: Bissonette,
J. A., ed. Wildlife and landscape ecology. New York:
Springer-Verlag: 160-184.
Rossi, R. E.; Mulla, D. J.; Journel, A G.; Franz, E. H.
1992. Geostatistical tools for modeling and interpreting ecological spatial dependence. Ecol. Monogr.
62:277-314.
Schneider, D. C. 1994. Quantitative ecology-spatial
and temporal scaling. San Diego, CA: Academic
Press.
Semple, R. K.; Green, M. B. 1984. Classification in human geography. In: Gaile, G. L.; Willmott, C. J., eds.
Spatial statistics and models. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Reidel: 55-79.
Smouse, P. E.; Long, J. C.; Sokal, R. R. 1986. Multiple
regression and correlation extensions of the Mantel
test of matrix correspondence. Syst. Zoo!. 35:627-632.
Sokal, R. R.; Rohlf, F. J. 1995. Biometry-the principles
and practice of statistics in biological research, 3rd
ed. New York: W. H. Freeman.
ter Braak, C. J. F. 1988. Partial canonical correspondence
analysis. In: Bock, H. H., ed. Classification and related methods of data analysis. Amsterdam: Elsevier
Science: 551-558.
ter Braak, C. J. F. 1990. Update notes: CANOCO version 3.10. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Agricultural
Mathematics Group.
Tilman, D.; Kareiva, P. 1997. Spatial ecology: the role
of space in population dynamics and interspecific interactions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Turner, S. J.; O'Neill, R. V.; Conley, W.; Conley, M. R.;
Humphries, H. C. 1991. Pattern and scale: statistics
for landscape ecology. In: Turner, M. G.; Gardner,
R. H., eds. Quantitative methods in landscape ecology: the analysis and interpretation of environmental
heterogeneity. New York: Springer-Verlag: 17-49.
Upton, G. J.; Fingleton, B. 1985. Spatial data analysis
by example, volume I: point pattern and quantitative
data. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Webster, R. 1985. Quantitative spatial analysis of soil in
the field. Advances Soil Science 3:1-70.
Wrigley, N. 1983. Quantitative methods: on data and diagnostics. Progress Human Geo. 7:567-577.
McGarigal, K.; Marks, B. 1995. FRAGSTATS: spatial
analysis program for quantifying landscape structure.
PNW-GTR-351. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For.
Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.
Milne, A 1959. The centric systematic area sample
treated as a random sample. Biometrics 15:270-297.
Oden, N. L. 1984. Assessing the significance of a spatial correlogram. Geogr. Anal. 16:1-16.
Oden, N. L.; Sokal, R. R.; Fortin, M.-J.; Goebl, H. 1993.
Categorical wombling: detecting regions of significant
change in spatially located categorical variables. Geogr. Anal. 25:315-336.
O'Neill, R. V.; Gardner, R. H.; Milne, B. T.; Turner, M.
G.; Jackson, B. 1991. Heterogeneity and spatial hierarchies. In: Kolasa, J.; Pickett, S. T. A., eds. Ecological heterogeneity. New York: Springer-Verlag: 8596.
Overton, W. S.; White, D.; Stevens, D. L., Jr. 1990. Design report for EMAP environmental monitoring and
assessment program. EPA/600/3-91/053. Corvallis,
OR: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory.
Pahl-Wostl, C. 1998. Ecosystem organization across a
continuum of scales: a comparative analysis of lakes
and rivers. In: Peterson, D. L.; Parker, V. T., eds. Ecological scale: theory and applications. New York: Columbia University Press: 141-170.
Palmer, M. W. 1993. Putting things in even better order:
the advantages of canonical correspondence analysis.
Ecology 74:2215-2230.
Pearson, S. M.; Gardner, R. H. 1997. Neutral models:
Useful tools for understanding landscape patterns. In:
Bissonette, J. A., ed. Wildlife and landscape ecology.
New York: Springer-Verlag: 215-230.
Pielou, E. C. 1977. Mathematical ecology, 2nd ed. New
York: John Wiley & Sons.
Quattrochi, D. A; Goodchild, M. F., eds. 1997. Scale in
remote sensing and GIS. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
Riitters, K. H.; O'Neill, R. V.; Hunsaker, C. T.; Wickham, J. D.; Yankee, D. H.; Timmins, S. P.; Jones,
K. B.; Jackson, B. L. 1995. A factor analysis oflandscape pattern and structure metrics. Landscape Ecol.
10:23-39.
Ripley, B. D. 1981. Spatial statistics. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.
Ripley, B. D. 1984. Spatial statistics: developments
1980-3. Inter. Statistical Rev. 52:141-150.
Ripley, B. D. 1987. Spatial point pattern analysis in ecol199
ogy. In: Legendre, P.; Legendre, L., eds. Developments
in numerical ecological. Berlin: Springer-Verlag:
407-429.
Ritchie, M. E. 1997. Population in a landscape context:
sources, sinks, and metapopulations. In: Bissonette,
J. A., ed. Wildlife and landscape ecology. New York:
Springer-Verlag: 160-184.
Rossi, R. E.; Mulla, D. J.; Journel, A G.; Franz, E. H.
1992. Geostatistical tools for modeling and interpreting ecological spatial dependence. Ecol. Monogr.
62:277-314.
Schneider, D. C. 1994. Quantitative ecology-spatial
and temporal scaling. San Diego, CA: Academic
Press.
Semple, R. K.; Green, M. B. 1984. Classification in human geography. In: Gaile, G. L.; Willmott, C. J., eds.
Spatial statistics and models. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Reidel: 55-79.
Smouse, P. E.; Long, J. C.; Sokal, R. R. 1986. Multiple
regression and correlation extensions of the Mantel
test of matrix correspondence. Syst. Zoo!. 35:627-632.
Sokal, R. R.; Rohlf, F. J. 1995. Biometry-the principles
and practice of statistics in biological research, 3rd
ed. New York: W. H. Freeman.
ter Braak, C. J. F. 1988. Partial canonical correspondence
analysis. In: Bock, H. H., ed. Classification and related methods of data analysis. Amsterdam: Elsevier
Science: 551-558.
ter Braak, C. J. F. 1990. Update notes: CANOCO version 3.10. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Agricultural
Mathematics Group.
Tilman, D.; Kareiva, P. 1997. Spatial ecology: the role
of space in population dynamics and interspecific interactions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Turner, S. J.; O'Neill, R. V.; Conley, W.; Conley, M. R.;
Humphries, H. C. 1991. Pattern and scale: statistics
for landscape ecology. In: Turner, M. G.; Gardner,
R. H., eds. Quantitative methods in landscape ecology: the analysis and interpretation of environmental
heterogeneity. New York: Springer-Verlag: 17-49.
Upton, G. J.; Fingleton, B. 1985. Spatial data analysis
by example, volume I: point pattern and quantitative
data. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Webster, R. 1985. Quantitative spatial analysis of soil in
the field. Advances Soil Science 3:1-70.
Wrigley, N. 1983. Quantitative methods: on data and diagnostics. Progress Human Geo. 7:567-577.