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for the Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland.
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practice of ecological modeling. BioScience 50:694–706.
Kitching, R.L. 1983. Systems Ecology: An Introduction to Ecological Modeling.
University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
Lauenroth, W.K., C.D. Canham, A.P. Kinzig, K.A. Poiani, W.M. Kemp, and S.W.
Running. 1998. Simulation modeling in ecosystem science. Pages 404–415 in
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Ecosystem Ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
Maddox, D., K.A. Poiani, and R. Unnasch. 1999. Evaluating management success:
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Oxford, UK.
Maxwell, T. and R. Costanza. 1997. An open geographic modelling environment.
Simulation Journal, 68:175–185.
Othmer, H.G., F.R. Adler, M.A. Lewis, and J.C. Dalton, editors. 1997. Case Studies
in Mathematical Modeling: Ecology, Physiology, and Cell Biology. Prentice-Hall,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA.
Pickett, S.T.A. 1999. The culture of synthesis: Habits of mind in novel ecological
integration. Oikos 87:479–487.
Reed, J.M., D.D. Murphy, and P.F. Brussard. 1998. Efficacy of population viability
analysis. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26:244–251.
Running, S.W. 1994. Testing FOREST-BGC ecosystem process simulations across a
climatic gradient in Oregon. Ecological Applications 4:238–247.
Scott, W. and C. Oulton.1999. Environmental education: Arguing the case for
multiple approaches. Educational Studies 25:89–97.
Starfield, A.M. 1997. A pragmatic approach to modeling for wildlife management.
Journal of Wildlife Management 61:261–270.
Starfield, A.M., K.A. Smith, and A.L. Bleloch. 1990. How to Model It: Problem
Solving for the Computer Age. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA.
Taylor, B.L., P.R.Wade, D.P.D. Master, and J. Barlow. 2000. Incorporating uncertainty
into management models for marine mammals. Conservation Biology 14:
1243–1252.
Tester, J.R., A.M. Starfield, and L.E. Frelich. 1997. Modeling for ecosystem management in Minnesota pine forests. Biological Conservation 80:313–324.
Voinov, A.R., L. Costanza, R. Wainger, F. Boumans, T.M. Villa, and H. Voinov. 1999.
The Patuxent landscape model: Integrated ecological economic modeling of a
watershed. Environmental Modelling and Software 14:473–491.
Weldon, C. 1999. Using spreadsheets to teach ecological modeling. Ecological
Society of America Bulletin 80:64–67.
Walters, C. 1986. Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources. Macmillan,
New York, New York, USA.
Weisbord, M., editor. 1992. Discovering Common Ground. Berrett-Koehler, San
Francisco, California, USA.
284
Thomas P. Maxwell et al.
John Wiley & Sons, London, UK.
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival
Commission. 2001. IUCN Red List Categories, Version 3.1. International Union
for the Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland.
Jackson, L.J., A.S. Trebitz, and K.L. Cottingham. 2000. An introduction to the
practice of ecological modeling. BioScience 50:694–706.
Kitching, R.L. 1983. Systems Ecology: An Introduction to Ecological Modeling.
University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
Lauenroth, W.K., C.D. Canham, A.P. Kinzig, K.A. Poiani, W.M. Kemp, and S.W.
Running. 1998. Simulation modeling in ecosystem science. Pages 404–415 in
M.L. Pace and P.M. Groffman, editors. Successes, Limitations and Frontiers in
Ecosystem Ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
Maddox, D., K.A. Poiani, and R. Unnasch. 1999. Evaluating management success:
Using ecological models to ask the right monitoring questions. Pages 563–584 in
N.C. Johnson, A.J. Malk, W.T. Sexton, and R. Szaro, editors. Ecological Stewardship: A Common Reference for Ecosystem Management. Elsevier Science,
Oxford, UK.
Maxwell, T. and R. Costanza. 1997. An open geographic modelling environment.
Simulation Journal, 68:175–185.
Othmer, H.G., F.R. Adler, M.A. Lewis, and J.C. Dalton, editors. 1997. Case Studies
in Mathematical Modeling: Ecology, Physiology, and Cell Biology. Prentice-Hall,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA.
Pickett, S.T.A. 1999. The culture of synthesis: Habits of mind in novel ecological
integration. Oikos 87:479–487.
Reed, J.M., D.D. Murphy, and P.F. Brussard. 1998. Efficacy of population viability
analysis. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26:244–251.
Running, S.W. 1994. Testing FOREST-BGC ecosystem process simulations across a
climatic gradient in Oregon. Ecological Applications 4:238–247.
Scott, W. and C. Oulton.1999. Environmental education: Arguing the case for
multiple approaches. Educational Studies 25:89–97.
Starfield, A.M. 1997. A pragmatic approach to modeling for wildlife management.
Journal of Wildlife Management 61:261–270.
Starfield, A.M., K.A. Smith, and A.L. Bleloch. 1990. How to Model It: Problem
Solving for the Computer Age. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA.
Taylor, B.L., P.R.Wade, D.P.D. Master, and J. Barlow. 2000. Incorporating uncertainty
into management models for marine mammals. Conservation Biology 14:
1243–1252.
Tester, J.R., A.M. Starfield, and L.E. Frelich. 1997. Modeling for ecosystem management in Minnesota pine forests. Biological Conservation 80:313–324.
Voinov, A.R., L. Costanza, R. Wainger, F. Boumans, T.M. Villa, and H. Voinov. 1999.
The Patuxent landscape model: Integrated ecological economic modeling of a
watershed. Environmental Modelling and Software 14:473–491.
Weldon, C. 1999. Using spreadsheets to teach ecological modeling. Ecological
Society of America Bulletin 80:64–67.
Walters, C. 1986. Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources. Macmillan,
New York, New York, USA.
Weisbord, M., editor. 1992. Discovering Common Ground. Berrett-Koehler, San
Francisco, California, USA.
284
Thomas P. Maxwell et al.