one small part of an integrated conservation management process. Often,
the most difficult challenges involve formation of a consensus about the
true nature of the problem and the identification of data, protocols, and
analytical tools to be used as a basis for decision making. Fortunately, there
have been significant advances in decision-support tools and naturalresource-modeling techniques (see Gustafson et al., Chapter 8, this
volume). Formal system modeling languages are now available that allow
both detailed specification as well as compact communication of the logical
structure of models used in decision support. Coupled with advanced modeling techniques, these tools can provide substantial improvements in our
ability to manage complex ecological systems.
References
Ando, A., J. Camm, S. Polasky, and A. Solow. 1998. Species distributions, land values,
and efficient conservation. Science 279:2126–2128.
Brook, B.W., J.J. O’Grady, A.P. Chapman, M.A. Burgman, H. Resit Akçakaya, and
R. Frankham. 2000. Prediction accuracy of population viability analysis in conservation biology. Nature 404:385–387.
Cabeza, M. and A. Moilanen. 2001. Design of reserve networks and the persistence
of biodiversity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:242–248.
Coulson, T., G.M. Mace, E. Hudson, and H. Possingham. 2001. The use and abuse of
population viability analysis. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:219–221.
Dennis, B., P.L. Munholland, and J.M. Scott. 1991. Estimation of growth and extinction parameters for endangered species. Ecological Monographs 64:205–224.
Ellner, S.P., J. Fieberg, D. Ludwig, and C. Wilcox. 2002. Precision of population
viability analysis. Conservation Biology. 14:258–261.
Evans, D.L. and Z. Zhu. 1993. AVHRR for forest mapping: national applications and
global implications. Pages 76–79 in A. Lewis, editor. Looking to the Future with an
Eye on the Past. Proceedings of the 1993 ACSM/ASPRS convention. American
Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Evans, D.L., Z. Zhu, and K. Winterberger. 1993. Mapping forest distributions with
AVHRR data. World Resource Review 5:66–71.
Fieberg, J. and S.P. Ellner. 2000. When is it meaningful to estimate an extinction
probability? Ecology 81:2040–2047.
Gardner, R.H., B.T. Milne, R.V. O’Neill, and M.G. Turner. 1987. Neutral models for
the analysis of broad-scale landscape patterns. Landscape Ecology 1:19–28.
Hanksi, I. 1999. Metapopulation Ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Hanski, I. and O. Ovaskainen. 2000. The metapopulation capacity of a fragmented
landscape. Nature 404:755–758.
Hanski, I. and D. Simberloff. 1997. The metapopulation approach, its history,
conceptual domain and application to conservation. Pages 5–26 in I. Hanski and
M.E. Gilpin, editors. Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution.
Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
Harary, F. 1969. Graph Theory. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, USA.
Keitt, T.H., A. Franklin, and D.L. Urban. 1995. Landscape analysis and metapopulation structure. Chapter 3 in Recovery Plan for the Mexican Spotted Owl.
Volume II: Technical and supporting information. U.S. Department of the
7. Network Theory: An Evolving Approach to Landscape Conservation
133
the most difficult challenges involve formation of a consensus about the
true nature of the problem and the identification of data, protocols, and
analytical tools to be used as a basis for decision making. Fortunately, there
have been significant advances in decision-support tools and naturalresource-modeling techniques (see Gustafson et al., Chapter 8, this
volume). Formal system modeling languages are now available that allow
both detailed specification as well as compact communication of the logical
structure of models used in decision support. Coupled with advanced modeling techniques, these tools can provide substantial improvements in our
ability to manage complex ecological systems.
References
Ando, A., J. Camm, S. Polasky, and A. Solow. 1998. Species distributions, land values,
and efficient conservation. Science 279:2126–2128.
Brook, B.W., J.J. O’Grady, A.P. Chapman, M.A. Burgman, H. Resit Akçakaya, and
R. Frankham. 2000. Prediction accuracy of population viability analysis in conservation biology. Nature 404:385–387.
Cabeza, M. and A. Moilanen. 2001. Design of reserve networks and the persistence
of biodiversity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:242–248.
Coulson, T., G.M. Mace, E. Hudson, and H. Possingham. 2001. The use and abuse of
population viability analysis. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:219–221.
Dennis, B., P.L. Munholland, and J.M. Scott. 1991. Estimation of growth and extinction parameters for endangered species. Ecological Monographs 64:205–224.
Ellner, S.P., J. Fieberg, D. Ludwig, and C. Wilcox. 2002. Precision of population
viability analysis. Conservation Biology. 14:258–261.
Evans, D.L. and Z. Zhu. 1993. AVHRR for forest mapping: national applications and
global implications. Pages 76–79 in A. Lewis, editor. Looking to the Future with an
Eye on the Past. Proceedings of the 1993 ACSM/ASPRS convention. American
Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Evans, D.L., Z. Zhu, and K. Winterberger. 1993. Mapping forest distributions with
AVHRR data. World Resource Review 5:66–71.
Fieberg, J. and S.P. Ellner. 2000. When is it meaningful to estimate an extinction
probability? Ecology 81:2040–2047.
Gardner, R.H., B.T. Milne, R.V. O’Neill, and M.G. Turner. 1987. Neutral models for
the analysis of broad-scale landscape patterns. Landscape Ecology 1:19–28.
Hanksi, I. 1999. Metapopulation Ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Hanski, I. and O. Ovaskainen. 2000. The metapopulation capacity of a fragmented
landscape. Nature 404:755–758.
Hanski, I. and D. Simberloff. 1997. The metapopulation approach, its history,
conceptual domain and application to conservation. Pages 5–26 in I. Hanski and
M.E. Gilpin, editors. Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution.
Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
Harary, F. 1969. Graph Theory. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, USA.
Keitt, T.H., A. Franklin, and D.L. Urban. 1995. Landscape analysis and metapopulation structure. Chapter 3 in Recovery Plan for the Mexican Spotted Owl.
Volume II: Technical and supporting information. U.S. Department of the
7. Network Theory: An Evolving Approach to Landscape Conservation
133