The Convergence Ecosystem in the Southwest Atlantic
155
Ius sp. are relatively constant components (Capitoli 1997). Further south
(38°S), species (84) associated with SAW of the Malvinas Current (e.g.,
Hiatella solida, Epicodakia falklandica, Pseudechinus magellanicus,
Amphiura eugeniae, Chaetopterus variopedatus, Odontaster penicillatus,
Austrocidaris canaliculata, Kenerleya patagonica, Trochodota purpurea)
characterize the outer shelf/slope (Bastida et al. 1992; Roux et al. 1993).
11.4.3 Fishes and Cephalopods
The warm- and cold-temperate elasmobranch and teleost fauna reveals a
high degree of heterogeneity (Lopez 1963; Figueiredo 1977, 1981; Figueiredo and Menezes 1978, 1980; Menezes and Figueiredo 1980, 1985; Menni
and Lopez 1984; Castello 1992; Cousseau and Perrotta 1998). Of the 57
sharks, rays, and skates ( 43 viviparous and 13 oviparous) over the southern
Brazilian shelf and upper slope, 18 species are permanent residents (i.e.,
the dominant Squatina guggenheim, Mustelus fasciatus , Rhinobatos horkelii, Zapteryx brevirostris, Raja castelnaui, R. agassizi, R. platana, R.
cyclophora, Sympterigia acuta, Myliobatis spp., Gymnura altavela) while
another 18 species occur sporadically (Vooren 1997). Several species
reproduce off Uruguay and Argentina during summer and migrate to
southern Brazil in winter. Typical winter migrants are Sympterigia bonaparte, Discopyge tschudii, Galeorhinus galeus, Mustelus schmitti, M . canis,
Sphyrna zygaena, Eugomphodus taurus, Squalus megalops, S. mitskurii,
S. acanthias, Notorhynchus cpedians, and Heptranchias perlo, while summer migrants are represented by Sphyrna lewini, Myliobatis freminvillei,
Dasyatis say, D. centroura, Rhinoptera bonasus, and Narcine brasiliensis
(Vooren 1997). Among cephalopods (>40 species) , Loligo sanpaulensis
and L. plei are conspicuous demersal-pelagic species, the argentine shortfin squid Illex argentinus is common to the outer shelf and upper slope,
and Ornithoteuthis antillarum and Ommastrephes bartramii are characteristic of epipelagic oceanic habitats. The octopods Eledone gaucha, E.
massyae, and Octopus tehuelchis are abundant benthic species (Haimovici
1997a).
Typical migratory teleosts of the pelagic community are represented by
the Argentine anchovy (Engraulis anchoita), mackerel (Scomber japonicus) , Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda), blue fish (Pomatomus saltatrix), and
yellowtail amberjack (Seriola lalandei; Cousseau and Perrotta 1998). The
community composition changes according to depth and with distance
from the coast (Castello 1997). In nearshore areas to about 30m depth, species composition (Trachinoutus marginatus, Anchoa marinii, Lycengraulis
grossidens, Brevoortia pectinata=B. a urea, juveniles of Engraulis anchoita)
155
Ius sp. are relatively constant components (Capitoli 1997). Further south
(38°S), species (84) associated with SAW of the Malvinas Current (e.g.,
Hiatella solida, Epicodakia falklandica, Pseudechinus magellanicus,
Amphiura eugeniae, Chaetopterus variopedatus, Odontaster penicillatus,
Austrocidaris canaliculata, Kenerleya patagonica, Trochodota purpurea)
characterize the outer shelf/slope (Bastida et al. 1992; Roux et al. 1993).
11.4.3 Fishes and Cephalopods
The warm- and cold-temperate elasmobranch and teleost fauna reveals a
high degree of heterogeneity (Lopez 1963; Figueiredo 1977, 1981; Figueiredo and Menezes 1978, 1980; Menezes and Figueiredo 1980, 1985; Menni
and Lopez 1984; Castello 1992; Cousseau and Perrotta 1998). Of the 57
sharks, rays, and skates ( 43 viviparous and 13 oviparous) over the southern
Brazilian shelf and upper slope, 18 species are permanent residents (i.e.,
the dominant Squatina guggenheim, Mustelus fasciatus , Rhinobatos horkelii, Zapteryx brevirostris, Raja castelnaui, R. agassizi, R. platana, R.
cyclophora, Sympterigia acuta, Myliobatis spp., Gymnura altavela) while
another 18 species occur sporadically (Vooren 1997). Several species
reproduce off Uruguay and Argentina during summer and migrate to
southern Brazil in winter. Typical winter migrants are Sympterigia bonaparte, Discopyge tschudii, Galeorhinus galeus, Mustelus schmitti, M . canis,
Sphyrna zygaena, Eugomphodus taurus, Squalus megalops, S. mitskurii,
S. acanthias, Notorhynchus cpedians, and Heptranchias perlo, while summer migrants are represented by Sphyrna lewini, Myliobatis freminvillei,
Dasyatis say, D. centroura, Rhinoptera bonasus, and Narcine brasiliensis
(Vooren 1997). Among cephalopods (>40 species) , Loligo sanpaulensis
and L. plei are conspicuous demersal-pelagic species, the argentine shortfin squid Illex argentinus is common to the outer shelf and upper slope,
and Ornithoteuthis antillarum and Ommastrephes bartramii are characteristic of epipelagic oceanic habitats. The octopods Eledone gaucha, E.
massyae, and Octopus tehuelchis are abundant benthic species (Haimovici
1997a).
Typical migratory teleosts of the pelagic community are represented by
the Argentine anchovy (Engraulis anchoita), mackerel (Scomber japonicus) , Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda), blue fish (Pomatomus saltatrix), and
yellowtail amberjack (Seriola lalandei; Cousseau and Perrotta 1998). The
community composition changes according to depth and with distance
from the coast (Castello 1997). In nearshore areas to about 30m depth, species composition (Trachinoutus marginatus, Anchoa marinii, Lycengraulis
grossidens, Brevoortia pectinata=B. a urea, juveniles of Engraulis anchoita)