84
4. Protocol for Aquatic Hazard Assessment
Research Station, Coldwater Fisheries Research Unit, Department of Fisheries
and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech University. Technical Report.
Lemly, A. D. 1996. Winter Stress Syndrome: An important consideration for
hazard assessment of aquatic pollutants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
34:223-227.
Lemly, A. D. 1997a. Environmental implications of excessive selenium: A review.
Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 10:415-435.
Lemly, A. D. 1997b. Ecosystem recovery following selenium contamination in a
freshwater reservoir. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 36:275-28l.
Lemly, A. D. 1999. Selenium impacts on fish: An insidious time bomb. Human and
Ecological Risk Assessment 5: 1139-115l.
Maier, K. J., and A. W. Knight. 1993. Comparative toxicity and bioconcentration of
selenium by the midge Chironomus decorus exposed to selenate, selenite, and
seleno-DL-methionine. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
25:365-370.
Martin, D. B., and W. A. Hartman. 1984. Arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and
selenium in sediments of riverine and pothole wetlands of the north central
United States Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 67: 11411146.
May, T. W. 1982. Recovery of endogenous selenium from fish tissues by open
system dry ashing. Journal ofthe Association ofOfficial Analytical Chemists 65: 11401145.
McKown, D. M., and J. S. Morris. 1978. Rapid measurement of selenium in biological samples using instrumental neutron activation analysis. Journal of
Radioanalytical Chemistry 43:411-420.
Nassos, P. A., J. R. Coats, R. 1. Metcalf, D. D. Brown, and 1. G. Hansen. 1980.
Model ecosystem, toxicity, and uptake evaluation of 75Se-selenite. Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24:752-758.
NCDNRCD (North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community
Development). 1986. North Carolina water quality standards documentation:
The freshwater chemistry and toxicity of selenium with an emphasis on its
effects in North Carolina. Raleigh, NC. NCDNRCD. Report No. 86-02.
NIWQP (National Irrigation Water Quality Progam). 1998. Guidelines for interpretation of the biological effects of selected constituents in biota, water, and
sediment. Denver, CO. NIWQP, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. NIWQP Information Report 3.
Nriagu, J. 0., and H. K. Wong. 1983. Selenium pollution of lakes near the smelters
at Sudbury, Ontario. Nature 301:55-57.
Ogle, R. S., K. J. Maier, P. Kiffney, M. J. Williams, A. Brasher, 1. A. Melton, and A.
W. Knight. 1988. Bioaccumulation of selenium in aquatic ecosystems. Lake
and Reservoir Management 4:165-173.
Ogle, R. S., and A. W. Knight. 1989. Effects of elevated foodborne selenium on
growth and reproduction of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Archives ofEnvironmental Contamination and Toxicology 18:795-803.
Ohlendorf, H. M., D. J. Hoffman, M. K. Saiki, and T. W. Aldrich. 1986a. Embryonic
mortality and abnormalities of aquatic birds: Apparent impacts of selenium
from irrigation drainwater. The Science of the Total Environment 52:49-63.
Ohlendorf, H. M., R. 1. Hothem, C. M. Bunck, T. W. Aldrich, and J. F. Moore.
1986b. Relationships between selenium concentrations and avian reproduc-
4. Protocol for Aquatic Hazard Assessment
Research Station, Coldwater Fisheries Research Unit, Department of Fisheries
and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech University. Technical Report.
Lemly, A. D. 1996. Winter Stress Syndrome: An important consideration for
hazard assessment of aquatic pollutants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
34:223-227.
Lemly, A. D. 1997a. Environmental implications of excessive selenium: A review.
Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 10:415-435.
Lemly, A. D. 1997b. Ecosystem recovery following selenium contamination in a
freshwater reservoir. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 36:275-28l.
Lemly, A. D. 1999. Selenium impacts on fish: An insidious time bomb. Human and
Ecological Risk Assessment 5: 1139-115l.
Maier, K. J., and A. W. Knight. 1993. Comparative toxicity and bioconcentration of
selenium by the midge Chironomus decorus exposed to selenate, selenite, and
seleno-DL-methionine. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
25:365-370.
Martin, D. B., and W. A. Hartman. 1984. Arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and
selenium in sediments of riverine and pothole wetlands of the north central
United States Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 67: 11411146.
May, T. W. 1982. Recovery of endogenous selenium from fish tissues by open
system dry ashing. Journal ofthe Association ofOfficial Analytical Chemists 65: 11401145.
McKown, D. M., and J. S. Morris. 1978. Rapid measurement of selenium in biological samples using instrumental neutron activation analysis. Journal of
Radioanalytical Chemistry 43:411-420.
Nassos, P. A., J. R. Coats, R. 1. Metcalf, D. D. Brown, and 1. G. Hansen. 1980.
Model ecosystem, toxicity, and uptake evaluation of 75Se-selenite. Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24:752-758.
NCDNRCD (North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community
Development). 1986. North Carolina water quality standards documentation:
The freshwater chemistry and toxicity of selenium with an emphasis on its
effects in North Carolina. Raleigh, NC. NCDNRCD. Report No. 86-02.
NIWQP (National Irrigation Water Quality Progam). 1998. Guidelines for interpretation of the biological effects of selected constituents in biota, water, and
sediment. Denver, CO. NIWQP, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. NIWQP Information Report 3.
Nriagu, J. 0., and H. K. Wong. 1983. Selenium pollution of lakes near the smelters
at Sudbury, Ontario. Nature 301:55-57.
Ogle, R. S., K. J. Maier, P. Kiffney, M. J. Williams, A. Brasher, 1. A. Melton, and A.
W. Knight. 1988. Bioaccumulation of selenium in aquatic ecosystems. Lake
and Reservoir Management 4:165-173.
Ogle, R. S., and A. W. Knight. 1989. Effects of elevated foodborne selenium on
growth and reproduction of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Archives ofEnvironmental Contamination and Toxicology 18:795-803.
Ohlendorf, H. M., D. J. Hoffman, M. K. Saiki, and T. W. Aldrich. 1986a. Embryonic
mortality and abnormalities of aquatic birds: Apparent impacts of selenium
from irrigation drainwater. The Science of the Total Environment 52:49-63.
Ohlendorf, H. M., R. 1. Hothem, C. M. Bunck, T. W. Aldrich, and J. F. Moore.
1986b. Relationships between selenium concentrations and avian reproduc-