158
biochemical basis for toxicity of,
40-41
biomagnification of, 20, 56, 108
chemical forms of, 19-20, 104107, 150
conversion factors for approximating tissue concentrations
of,63
conversion factors for wet-dry
concentrations, 19
diagnostic residues, 119
ecosystem loading limits for, 134142
emerging contamination issues,
constructed wetlands, 147-149
disposal of fly-ash, 149-150
feedlot wastes, 150-151
phosphate mining, 146-147
environmental quality goals for,
141
hazard profiles for,
water, 66
sediment, 66
benthic macroinvertebrates, 67
fish eggs, 67
aquatic bird eggs, 68
Hazard Quotient (HQ) technique
for, 69-70
hazard scoring for Protocol, 65-68
Hydrological Unit (HU) procedure
and criteria for, 109-111
in algae, 23, 25
in agricultural irrigation, 12-14,
145
in aquatic birds, 30-31
in aquatic food chains, 19-21,2327, 50-51, 76, 104-109
in ash ponds and pits, 5
in bacteria, 23, 25
in benthic macroinvertebrates, 22,
106-107
in coal, 5
in coal combustion wastes, 5
in coal gasification wastes, 5
in coalliquifaction wastes, 5
in coal processing wastes, 5
in constructed wetlands, 147-150
in crude and refined oils, 11
Index
in detritus, 104-107
in Earth's crust, 5
in electric power production, 4-6,
149-150
in electronic components, 10
in freshwater fish, 23, 27-31,8994
in gold mining, 7
in lentic habitats, 52, 103-112,
138-139
in lotic habitats, 103-112, 138139
in livestock feeds, 150
in livestock wastes, 150-151
in metal smelting, 9-10
in municipal landfills, 10
in nickel mining, 7
in oil burner ash, 11
in oil shale, 11
in oil shale wastes, 11
in oil spills, 11
in oil refinery wastes, 11
in phosphate mining, 7-9
in plankton, 19, 23, 25
in protein biosynthesis, 40-41
in sediments, 21-22, 104-107
in silver mining, 7
in surface waters, 5
inorganic forms of, 19-20, 104107, 150
interpretation of concentrations
of, 18-32
organic forms of, 19-20, 104-107,
150
paradox of, 18
persistence of in aquatic habitats,
52, 103-109
pollution around the world, 6, 8
Protocol for aquatic hazard
assessment of,
comparison to other techniques,
69-77
data requirements, 63-65
definition of aquatic hazard, 6263
description of, 65-69
example assessments, 70-75
biochemical basis for toxicity of,
40-41
biomagnification of, 20, 56, 108
chemical forms of, 19-20, 104107, 150
conversion factors for approximating tissue concentrations
of,63
conversion factors for wet-dry
concentrations, 19
diagnostic residues, 119
ecosystem loading limits for, 134142
emerging contamination issues,
constructed wetlands, 147-149
disposal of fly-ash, 149-150
feedlot wastes, 150-151
phosphate mining, 146-147
environmental quality goals for,
141
hazard profiles for,
water, 66
sediment, 66
benthic macroinvertebrates, 67
fish eggs, 67
aquatic bird eggs, 68
Hazard Quotient (HQ) technique
for, 69-70
hazard scoring for Protocol, 65-68
Hydrological Unit (HU) procedure
and criteria for, 109-111
in algae, 23, 25
in agricultural irrigation, 12-14,
145
in aquatic birds, 30-31
in aquatic food chains, 19-21,2327, 50-51, 76, 104-109
in ash ponds and pits, 5
in bacteria, 23, 25
in benthic macroinvertebrates, 22,
106-107
in coal, 5
in coal combustion wastes, 5
in coal gasification wastes, 5
in coalliquifaction wastes, 5
in coal processing wastes, 5
in constructed wetlands, 147-150
in crude and refined oils, 11
Index
in detritus, 104-107
in Earth's crust, 5
in electric power production, 4-6,
149-150
in electronic components, 10
in freshwater fish, 23, 27-31,8994
in gold mining, 7
in lentic habitats, 52, 103-112,
138-139
in lotic habitats, 103-112, 138139
in livestock feeds, 150
in livestock wastes, 150-151
in metal smelting, 9-10
in municipal landfills, 10
in nickel mining, 7
in oil burner ash, 11
in oil shale, 11
in oil shale wastes, 11
in oil spills, 11
in oil refinery wastes, 11
in phosphate mining, 7-9
in plankton, 19, 23, 25
in protein biosynthesis, 40-41
in sediments, 21-22, 104-107
in silver mining, 7
in surface waters, 5
inorganic forms of, 19-20, 104107, 150
interpretation of concentrations
of, 18-32
organic forms of, 19-20, 104-107,
150
paradox of, 18
persistence of in aquatic habitats,
52, 103-109
pollution around the world, 6, 8
Protocol for aquatic hazard
assessment of,
comparison to other techniques,
69-77
data requirements, 63-65
definition of aquatic hazard, 6263
description of, 65-69
example assessments, 70-75