142
8. Setting Ecosystem Loading Limits
characterization that is necessary for selenium. Proper use of this TMDL
technique will ensure compliance with USEPA regulatory requirements
and also protect fish and wildlife resources. However, application of
the method is not limited to the United States and the USEPA context.
It is appropriate wherever TMDLs are adopted as a means of improving
water quality.
References
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).1999. Guidance for water qualitybased decisions: The TMDL process. Washington, DC. USEPA, Office of Water.
Lemly, A. D., and G. J. Smith. 1987. Aquatic cycling of selenium: Implications for
fish and wildlife. Washington, DC. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Fish and Wildlife Leaflet 12.
Lemly, A. D., S. E. Finger, and M. K. Nelson. 1993. Sources and impacts of irrigation drainwater contaminants in arid wetlands. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 12:2265-2279.
Lemly, A. D. 1993. Teratogenic effects of selenium in natural populations of freshwater fish. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 26: 181-204.
Lemly, A. D. 1997. Ecosystem recovery following selenium contamination in a
freshwater reservoir. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 36:275-28l.
Lemly, A. D. 1999. Selenium impacts on fish: An insidious time bomb. Human and
Ecological Risk Assessment 5: 1139-1151.
8. Setting Ecosystem Loading Limits
characterization that is necessary for selenium. Proper use of this TMDL
technique will ensure compliance with USEPA regulatory requirements
and also protect fish and wildlife resources. However, application of
the method is not limited to the United States and the USEPA context.
It is appropriate wherever TMDLs are adopted as a means of improving
water quality.
References
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).1999. Guidance for water qualitybased decisions: The TMDL process. Washington, DC. USEPA, Office of Water.
Lemly, A. D., and G. J. Smith. 1987. Aquatic cycling of selenium: Implications for
fish and wildlife. Washington, DC. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Fish and Wildlife Leaflet 12.
Lemly, A. D., S. E. Finger, and M. K. Nelson. 1993. Sources and impacts of irrigation drainwater contaminants in arid wetlands. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 12:2265-2279.
Lemly, A. D. 1993. Teratogenic effects of selenium in natural populations of freshwater fish. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 26: 181-204.
Lemly, A. D. 1997. Ecosystem recovery following selenium contamination in a
freshwater reservoir. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 36:275-28l.
Lemly, A. D. 1999. Selenium impacts on fish: An insidious time bomb. Human and
Ecological Risk Assessment 5: 1139-1151.