31
Orth RJ, Carruthers TJB, Dennison WC, Duarte CM, Fourqurean JW, Heck KL Jr, Hughes AR,
Kendrick GA, Kenworthy WJ, Olyarnik S, Short FT, Waycott M, Williams SL (2006) A global
crisis for seagrass ecosystems. BioScience 56:987–996
Otani S, Endo T (2018) CO 2 flux in tidal flats and salt marshes. In: Kuwae T, Hori M (eds) Blue
carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation. Springer,
Singapore, pp 223–250
Pendleton C, Donato DC, Murray BC, Crooks S, Jenkins WA, Sifleet S, Craft C, Fourqurean
JW, Kauffman JB, Marba N, Megonigal P, Pidgeon E, Herr D, Gordon D, Baldera A (2012)
Estimating global “blue carbon” emissions from conversion and degradation of vegetated
coastal ecosystems. PLoS One 7:e43542. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043542
Pennings SC, Bertness MD (2001) Salt marsh communities. In: Bertness MD, Gaines SD, Hay ME
(eds) Marine community ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, pp 289–316
Port and Airport Department, Chugoku Regional Bureau (2016) The database of the water environments in Seto Inland Sea: change in the area of tidal flats and seagrass and macroalgal beds, the
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. http://www.pa.cgr.mlit.go.jp/chiki/
suishitu/seto/env/env_001.html) (in Japanese)
Reusch TB, Bostrom C, Stam WT, Olsen JL (1999) An ancient eelgrass clone in the Baltic. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 183:301–304
Shimabukuro H, Hori M, Yoshimitsu S, Tokunaga N, Igari T, Sasaki K, Nakaoka M, Kawane M,
Yoshida G, Hamaguchi M (2012) Genetic differentiation of annual Zostra marina growing in
Kagoshima Bay, Kagoshima, Japan based on an analysis using microsatellite markers. Nippon
Suisan Gakkaishi 78:204–211
Short F, Carruthers T, Dennison W, Waycott M (2007) Global seagrass distribution and diversity:
a bioregional model. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 350:3–20
Tokoro T, Watanabe K, Tada K, Kuwae T (2018) Air–water CO 2 flux in shallow coastal waters:
theoretical background, measurement methods, and mechanisms. In: Kuwae T, Hori M (eds)
Blue carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation.
Springer, Singapore, pp 153–184
UNEP-WCMC (2017a) Global distribution of Saltmarshes. http://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/43
UNEP-WCMC (2017b) Global Distribution of Mangroves. http://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/5
UNEP-WCMC (2017c) Global Distribution of Seagrasses. http://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/7
Valentine JF, Duffy JE (2007) The central role of grazing in seagrass ecology. In: Larkum AWD,
Orth RJ, Duarte CM (eds) Seagrasses: biology, ecology and conservation. Springer, Dordrecht,
pp 463–501
Watanabe A, Nakamura T (2018) Carbon dynamics in coral reefs. In: Kuwae T, Hori M (eds) Blue
carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation. Springer,
Singapore, pp 273–293
Williams S, Heck KL Jr (2001) Seagrass communities. In: Bertness MD, Gaines SD, Hay ME
(eds) Marine community ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, pp 317–337
Woodroffe CD (2002) Coasts: form, process an evolution. Cambridge University Press, New York
Yoshida G, Hori M, Shimabukuro H, Hamaoka H, Onitsuka T, Hasegawa N, Muraoka D, Yatsuya
K, Watanabe K, Nakaoka M (2018) Carbon sequestration by seagrass and macroalgae in Japan:
estimates and future needs. In: Kuwae T, Hori M (eds) Blue carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation. Springer, Singapore, pp 101–127
1 Blue Carbon: Characteristics of the Ocean’s Sequestration and Storage Ability…
Orth RJ, Carruthers TJB, Dennison WC, Duarte CM, Fourqurean JW, Heck KL Jr, Hughes AR,
Kendrick GA, Kenworthy WJ, Olyarnik S, Short FT, Waycott M, Williams SL (2006) A global
crisis for seagrass ecosystems. BioScience 56:987–996
Otani S, Endo T (2018) CO 2 flux in tidal flats and salt marshes. In: Kuwae T, Hori M (eds) Blue
carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation. Springer,
Singapore, pp 223–250
Pendleton C, Donato DC, Murray BC, Crooks S, Jenkins WA, Sifleet S, Craft C, Fourqurean
JW, Kauffman JB, Marba N, Megonigal P, Pidgeon E, Herr D, Gordon D, Baldera A (2012)
Estimating global “blue carbon” emissions from conversion and degradation of vegetated
coastal ecosystems. PLoS One 7:e43542. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043542
Pennings SC, Bertness MD (2001) Salt marsh communities. In: Bertness MD, Gaines SD, Hay ME
(eds) Marine community ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, pp 289–316
Port and Airport Department, Chugoku Regional Bureau (2016) The database of the water environments in Seto Inland Sea: change in the area of tidal flats and seagrass and macroalgal beds, the
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. http://www.pa.cgr.mlit.go.jp/chiki/
suishitu/seto/env/env_001.html) (in Japanese)
Reusch TB, Bostrom C, Stam WT, Olsen JL (1999) An ancient eelgrass clone in the Baltic. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 183:301–304
Shimabukuro H, Hori M, Yoshimitsu S, Tokunaga N, Igari T, Sasaki K, Nakaoka M, Kawane M,
Yoshida G, Hamaguchi M (2012) Genetic differentiation of annual Zostra marina growing in
Kagoshima Bay, Kagoshima, Japan based on an analysis using microsatellite markers. Nippon
Suisan Gakkaishi 78:204–211
Short F, Carruthers T, Dennison W, Waycott M (2007) Global seagrass distribution and diversity:
a bioregional model. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 350:3–20
Tokoro T, Watanabe K, Tada K, Kuwae T (2018) Air–water CO 2 flux in shallow coastal waters:
theoretical background, measurement methods, and mechanisms. In: Kuwae T, Hori M (eds)
Blue carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation.
Springer, Singapore, pp 153–184
UNEP-WCMC (2017a) Global distribution of Saltmarshes. http://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/43
UNEP-WCMC (2017b) Global Distribution of Mangroves. http://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/5
UNEP-WCMC (2017c) Global Distribution of Seagrasses. http://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/7
Valentine JF, Duffy JE (2007) The central role of grazing in seagrass ecology. In: Larkum AWD,
Orth RJ, Duarte CM (eds) Seagrasses: biology, ecology and conservation. Springer, Dordrecht,
pp 463–501
Watanabe A, Nakamura T (2018) Carbon dynamics in coral reefs. In: Kuwae T, Hori M (eds) Blue
carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation. Springer,
Singapore, pp 273–293
Williams S, Heck KL Jr (2001) Seagrass communities. In: Bertness MD, Gaines SD, Hay ME
(eds) Marine community ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, pp 317–337
Woodroffe CD (2002) Coasts: form, process an evolution. Cambridge University Press, New York
Yoshida G, Hori M, Shimabukuro H, Hamaoka H, Onitsuka T, Hasegawa N, Muraoka D, Yatsuya
K, Watanabe K, Nakaoka M (2018) Carbon sequestration by seagrass and macroalgae in Japan:
estimates and future needs. In: Kuwae T, Hori M (eds) Blue carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation. Springer, Singapore, pp 101–127
1 Blue Carbon: Characteristics of the Ocean’s Sequestration and Storage Ability…