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11.4 Future Studies
11.4.1 Enhancement of CO 2 Gas Exchange Data
Compared to terrestrial and open oceans, the data for CO 2 gas exchange in SCEs are
limited (Laruelle et al. 2013), and there has been no description of SCE gas exchange
even in the latest assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC 2013). In order to evaluate whether each SCE is a net sink or source,
key data for carbon cycling such as CO 2 gas exchange, carbon chemistry in water,
and the dynamics of organic carbon are indispensable (Maher and Eyre 2012;
Obrador and Pretus 2012; Tokoro et  al. 2014; Watanabe and Kuwae 2015).
Furthermore, because the range and uncertainty of the gas exchange rate differ
depending on the measurement period, long-term data are important for predicting
future gas exchange rates and the extent of human impacts (Crosswell et al. 2017).
Indeed, a numerical simulation predicted that the uptake rate of atmospheric CO 2 in
Fig. 11.7 Atmospheric CO 2 uptake rate in Osaka Bay. Atmospheric CO 2 is taken up throughout
the year (ca. 133 g CO 2 /m
2 /year). The numbered dots indicate the sampling locations. (Modified
from Fujii et al. 2013)
T. Kuwae et al.